{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:19:54Z","timestamp":1777616394703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. Some estrogens, as well as xenoestrogens, such as chromium (VI) (Cr(VI)), are indicated as important pathogenic agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of estradiol and some its metabolites upon exposure to the metalloestrogen Cr(VI) in an in vitro model. The changes in cell viability of malignant ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3 resistant to cisplatin) exposed to 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2) and its two metabolites, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2) and 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone (16\u03b1-OHE1), upon exposure to potassium chromate (VI) and its interactions were examined. The single and mixed models of action, during short and long times of incubation with estrogens, were applied. The different effects (synergism and antagonism) of estrogens on cell viability in the presence of Cr(VI) was observed. E2 and 16\u03b1-OHE1 caused a synergistic effect after exposure to Cr(VI). 2-MeOE2 showed an antagonistic effect on Cr(VI). The examined estrogens could be ranked according to the most protective effect or least toxicity in the order: 2-MeOE2 &gt; E2 &gt; 16\u03b1-OHE1. Early pre-incubation (24 h or 7 days) of cells with estrogens caused mostly an antagonistic effect\u2014protective against the toxic action of Cr(VI). The beneficial action of estrogens on the toxic effect of Cr(VI), in the context of the risk of ovarian cancer, seems to be important and further studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T19:08:29Z","timestamp":1604948909000},"page":"5214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Interaction between 17\u03b2-Estradiol, 2-Methoxyestradiol and 16\u03b1-Hydroxyestrone with Chromium (VI) on Ovary Cancer Line SKOV-3: Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sawicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5273-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Saczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Roik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society at the Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julita","family":"Kulbacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6971-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Piwowar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: A review","volume":"4","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. 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