{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:51:52Z","timestamp":1768744312504,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Commission on Social Disaster Investigation","award":["12198215600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12198215600"]}]},{"name":"The Korea Ministry of Environment","award":["2018002490001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018002490001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to quantify both chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) dissolved in different product brands and to characterize the exposure to these chemicals among humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) patients. Both CMIT and MIT dissolved in different humidifier disinfectant (HD) products were quantified using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. The inhalation level of CMIT and MIT was estimated based on HD-associated factors as reported by HDLI patients. A total of eleven HD products marketed until the end of 2011 were found to contain CMIT and\/or MIT. The level of combined CMIT and\/or MIT dissolved in these HD products ranged from 12 to 353 ppm. The level varied among HD products and the year of manufacture. The average inhalation levels were estimated to be 7.5, 4.1, and 3.2 \u03bcg\/m3 for the definite, probable, and possible groups, respectively. If probable and possible groups were collapsed together, the inhalation level of the collapsed group was significantly different from that of the definite group (p &lt; 0.001). All HDLI patients responded as having used HD not only while sleeping, but also as having a humidifier treated with HD within close proximity every day in insufficiently ventilated spaces. These HD use characteristics of patients may be directly\/indirectly linked to the HDLI development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T20:17:52Z","timestamp":1605212272000},"page":"5284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3847-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Uk","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seon-Kyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Accident Response Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, Ministry of Environment, Daejeon 34111, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So-Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han Bin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1378-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungkyoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Ehi","family":"Zoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03181, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-7562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hwan","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204132","article-title":"A cluster of lung injury cases associated with home humidifier use: An epidemiological investigation","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201306-1088OC","article-title":"Humidifier disinfectant\u2013associated children\u2019s interstitial lung disease","volume":"189","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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