{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:36:38Z","timestamp":1792056998263,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid spread of the new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has actually become the newest challenge for the healthcare system since, to date, there is not an effective treatment. Among all drugs tested, Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has attracted significant attention. This systematic review aims to analyze preclinical and clinical studies on HCQ potential use in viral infection and chronic diseases. A systematic search of Scopus and PubMed databases was performed to identify clinical and preclinical studies on this argument; 2463 papers were identified and 133 studies were included. Regarding HCQ activity against COVID-19, it was noticed that despite the first data were promising, the latest outcomes highlighted the ineffectiveness of HCQ in the treatment of viral infection. Several trials have seen that HCQ administration did not improve severe illness and did not prevent the infection outbreak after virus exposure. By contrast, HCQ arises as a first-line treatment in managing autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. It also improves glucose and lipid homeostasis and reveals significant antibacterial activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T22:53:52Z","timestamp":1605567232000},"page":"5318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Recent Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Hydroxychloroquine on RNA Viruses and Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5274-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Immacolata","family":"Faraone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, v.le dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"},{"name":"Spinoff BioActiPlant s.r.l., University of Basilicata, v.le dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1197-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Labanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, v.le dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ponticelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, v.le dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunziatina","family":"De Tommasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Milella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, v.le dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301678646092","article-title":"Antimalarials-the \u201creal\u201d advance in lupus","volume":"10","author":"Wallace","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203396005001021","article-title":"The history of antimalarials","volume":"5","author":"Wallace","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314547792","article-title":"A new trick for an ancient drug: Quinine dissociates antiphospholipid immune complexes","volume":"24","author":"Bezati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1963.12.121","article-title":"Pitfalls in a discovery: The chronicle of chloroquine","volume":"12","author":"Coatney","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. 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