{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:34:39Z","timestamp":1791855279824,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania","award":["doctoral grant EODENT, UMFT\/2019, Alexa Vlad Tiberiu."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["doctoral grant EODENT, UMFT\/2019, Alexa Vlad Tiberiu."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since ancient times complementary therapies have been based on the use of medicinal plants, natural preparations and essential oils in the treatment of various diseases. Their use in medical practice is recommended in view of their low toxicity, pharmacological properties and economic impact. This paper aims to test the antimicrobial effect of natural preparation based on clove, orange and bergamot essential oils on a wide range of microorganisms that cause infections in humans including: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Haemophilus influenza. Three natural preparations such as one-component emulsions: clove (ECEO), bergamote (EBEO), and orange (EOEO), three binary: E(BEO\/CEO), E(BEO\/OEO), E(CEO\/OEO) and a tertiary emulsion E(OEO\/BEO\/CEO) were obtained, characterized and tested for antimicrobial effects. Also, the synergistic\/antagonistic effects, generated by the presence of the main chemical compounds, were studied in order to recommend a preparation with optimal antimicrobial activity. The obtained results underline the fact that the monocomponent emulsion ECEO shows antimicrobial activity, while EOEO and EBEO do not inhibit the development of the analyzed strains. In binary or tertiary emulsions E(BEO\/CEO), E(CEO\/OEO) and E(OEO\/ BEO\/CEO) the antimicrobial effect of clove oil is potentiated due to the synergism exerted by the chemical compounds of essential oils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T09:06:28Z","timestamp":1606208788000},"page":"5502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Natural Preparations Based on Orange, Bergamot and Clove Essential Oils and Their Chemical Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3920-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad Tiberiu","family":"Alexa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camelia","family":"Szuhanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoanela","family":"Cozma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300641 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atena","family":"Galuscan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Borcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Obistioiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300641 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Adriana","family":"Dehelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jumanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00322-7","article-title":"Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neuro-degenerative diseases","volume":"84","author":"Auddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, T.J., Park, S.M., Yu, H., Seo, G.H., Kim, H.W., Kim, S.A., and Rhee, M.S. (2020). 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