{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:23:58Z","timestamp":1790274238900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30973944, 81703765, 31900283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30973944, 81703765, 31900283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Open Project Program of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica","award":["JKLPSE201817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKLPSE201817"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX19_1269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX19_1269"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["17KJA360004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17KJA360004"]}]},{"name":"the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Program of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions"},{"name":"the foundation for High-level Talent on Six Areas of Jiangsu Province","award":["Hu"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hu"]}]},{"name":"the Project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Microtubule-targeted drugs are the most effective drugs for adult patients with certain solid tumors. Taccalonolide AJ (AJ) can stabilize tubulin polymerization by covalently binding to \u03b2-tubulin, which enables it to play a role in the treatment of tumors. However, its clinical applications are largely limited by low water solubility, chemical instability in water, and a narrow therapeutic window. Clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (cc RCC) accounts for approximately 70% of RCC cases and is prone to resistance to particularly targeted therapy drugs. Methods: we prepared a water-soluble cyclodextrin-based carrier to serve as an effective treatment for cc RCC. Results: Compared with AJ, taccalonolide AJ-hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (AJ-HP-\u03b2-CD) exhibited superior selectivity and activity toward the cc RCC cell line 786-O vs. normal kidney cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and inhibiting migration and invasion of tumor cells in vitro. According to acute toxicity testing, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of AJ-HP-\u03b2-CD was 10.71 mg\/kg, which was 20 times greater than that of AJ. Assessment of weight changes showed that mouse body weight recovered over 7\u20138 days, and the toxicity could be greatly reduced by adjusting the injections from once every three days to once per week. In addition, we inoculated 786-O cells to generate xenografted mice to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of AJ-HP-\u03b2-CD in vivo and found that AJ-HP-\u03b2-CD had a better tumor inhibitory effect than that of docetaxel and sunitinib in terms of tumor growth and endpoint tumor weight. These results indicated that cyclodextrin inclusion greatly increased the anti-tumor therapeutic window of AJ. Conclusions: the AJ-HP-\u03b2-CD complex developed in this study may prove to be a novel tubulin stabilizer for the treatment of cc RCC. In addition, this drug delivery system may broaden the horizon in the translational study of other chemotherapeutic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T03:51:16Z","timestamp":1606535476000},"page":"5586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Development of Taccalonolide AJ-Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Treatment of Clear Cell Renal-Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxin","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)95391-7","article-title":"Steroidal bitter principles from tacca plantaginea structures of taccalonolide A and B","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3120","article-title":"Taccalonolides E and A: Plant-derived steroids with microtubule-stabilizing activity","volume":"63","author":"Tinley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.01.012","article-title":"Taccalonolide microtubule stabilizers","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. 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