{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:58:44Z","timestamp":1782982724306,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common infections worldwide, having an incidence rate of 40\u221260% in women. Moreover, the prevalence of this disorder in adult women is 30 times more than in men. UTIs are usually found in many hospitals and clinical practice; as disorders, they are complicated and uncomplicated; in uncomplicated cases, there is no structural or functional abnormality in the urogenital tract. However, obstruction, retention of urine flow and use of catheters increase the complexity. There are several bacteria (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, etc.) successfully residing in the tract. The diagnosis must not only be accurate but rapid, so early detection is an important step in the control of UTIs caused by uropathogens. The treatment of UTIs includes appropriate antimicrobial therapy to control the infection and kill the causal microbes inside the body. A long-time usage of antibiotics has resulted in multidrug resistance causing an impediment in treatment. Thus, alternative, combinatorial medication approaches have given some hope. Available treatments considered Homeopathic, Ayurvedic, Unani, and other herbal-based drugs. There are new upcoming roles of nanoparticles in combating UTIs which needs further validation. The role of medicinal plant-based nanotechnology approaches has shown promising results. Therefore, there must be active research in phyto-based therapies of UTIs, such as Ayurvedic Biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T03:51:16Z","timestamp":1606535476000},"page":"5593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Promising Roles of Alternative Medicine and Plant-Based Nanotechnology as Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harish","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanchal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh 312901, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragati","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S-02, Scientist Hostel, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhay P.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh 247341, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksey","family":"Laishevtcev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center, Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine Named after K. I. Skryabin and Y. R. Kovalenko of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 109428 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University, Named after I. S. Turgenev, 302026 Orel, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Brisc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela Cristina","family":"Brisc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai Alexandru","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bungau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2014.1000761","article-title":"The characterization of feces and urine: A review of the literature to inform advanced treatment technology","volume":"45","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.076","article-title":"What antibiotics for what pathogens? The sensitivity spectrum of isolated strains in an intensive care unit","volume":"687","author":"Zaha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"455","article-title":"Urinary tract infection during pregnancy at Al-khoms","volume":"3","author":"Tamalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.68","article-title":"New strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"9","author":"Siddiq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02986","article-title":"Facile coating of urinary catheter with bio\u2013inspired antibacterial coating","volume":"5","author":"Yassin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"329","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of Tungsten nanoparticles on the Escherichia coli strains isolated from catheterized urinary tract infection (UTI) cases and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"33","author":"Syed","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2009.1020","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles on the bacterial strains isolated from catheterized urinary tract infection cases","volume":"5","author":"Syed","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4246780","article-title":"Prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infections and associated factors among patients attending hospitals in Bushenyi district, Uganda","volume":"2019","author":"Odoki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warkulwiz, G., Hannon, K., Cabano, D., and Mehta, K. (2017, January 19\u201322). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in rural Kenya: Screening challenges, treatment pathways, and technological solutions. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GHTC.2017.8239281"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1086\/318850","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Disease panorama and challenges","volume":"183","author":"Stamm","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"27","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes: A comparison of women with symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria in Cape Coast, Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Siakwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2016153","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in adults","volume":"57","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Singap. Med J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"140","article-title":"Molecular characterization and antibacterial effect of endophytic actinomycetes Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) from brown algae against MDR strains of uropathogens","volume":"1","author":"Rajivgandhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casertano, M., Menna, M., and Imperatore, C. (2020). The ascidian-derived metabolites with antimicrobial properties. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9080510"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayuningrum, D., Liu, Y., Sibero, M.T., Kristiana, R., Asagabaldan, M.A., Wuisan, Z.G., Trianto, A., Radjasa, O.K., and Sabdono, A. (2019). Tunicate-associated bacteria show a great potential for the discovery of antimicrobial compounds. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213797"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1528","article-title":"Somatic-vegetative symptoms evolution in postmenopausal women treated with phytoestrogens and hormone replacement therapy","volume":"46","author":"Tit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.1.1","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in females","volume":"18","author":"Kunin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_293_15","article-title":"Urinary tract infection among pregnant women at a secondary level hospital in Northern India","volume":"61","author":"Kant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370240067039","article-title":"Review of urine microscopy for bacteriuria","volume":"255","author":"Jenkins","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/13814780109048788","article-title":"Detection of bacteriuria by microscopy and dipslide culture in general practice","volume":"7","author":"Bjerrum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Collee, J.G., Miles, R.S., and Watt, B. (1996). Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology, Churchill Livingstone. [14th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90039-9","article-title":"The efficacy of the nitrite test and microscopic urinalysis in predicting urine culture results","volume":"140","author":"Lenke","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(84)80603-4","article-title":"Measurement of urinary leukocyte esterase activity: A screening test for urinary tract infections","volume":"13","author":"Chernow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2006.261","article-title":"Evaluation of rapid urine screening tests to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy","volume":"59","author":"Cakir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1039\/b714449k","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors","volume":"39","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolaevna, K.A., Svalova, T., Malysheva, N.N., Okhokhonin, A.V., Vidrevich, M.B., and Brainina, K. (2018). Sensors Based on bio and biomimetic receptors in medical diagnostic, environment, and food analysis. Biosens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8020035"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2011.03.001","article-title":"Biosensor diagnosis of urinary tract infections: A path to better treatment?","volume":"32","author":"Mach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.26.291","article-title":"Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxins by an adsorption method with polycation-immobilized cellulose beads","volume":"26","author":"Sakata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.12.002","article-title":"Biosensors and their applications\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2014.888313","article-title":"Advances and challenges in biosensor-based diagnosis of infectious diseases","volume":"14","author":"Sin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009023118","article-title":"Effect on urogenital flora of antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infection","volume":"22","author":"Reid","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"265","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in bacterial urinary tract infections, 1991 to 1997","volume":"169","author":"Sankary","year":"1998","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.5.1176","article-title":"Double-blind study comparing 3-day regimens of cefixime and ofloxacin in treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women","volume":"38","author":"Raz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200868040-00011","article-title":"Levofloxacin: A review of its use as a high-dose, short-course treatment for bacterial infection","volume":"68","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"225","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin treatment in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"151","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odongo, I., Ssemambo, R., and Kungu, J.M. (2020). Prevalence of Escherichia Coli and its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among patients with UTI at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8042540"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra, H., Bishnoi, P., Yadav, A., Patni, B., Mishra, A.P., and Nautiyal, A.R. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance and the alternative resources with special emphasis on plant-based antimicrobials\u2014A Review. Plants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6020016"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Chandra, H., Srivastava, J., and Agarwal, R.K. (2016). Fundamental Techniques in Microbiology, John Publisher Pvt. Ltd."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"93","article-title":"Classical homeopathy and bacterial urinary tract infections","volume":"19","author":"Nwabudike","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Rom. Acad."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.01.014","article-title":"Homeopathic medicine Cantharis modulates uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)-induced cystitis in susceptible mice","volume":"92","author":"Coelho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"097","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1696992","article-title":"Two Case Reports of Integrated Management of Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"109","author":"Chand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1637729","article-title":"In-vitro effects of homeopathic drugs on cultured Escherichia coli","volume":"107","author":"Kurmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effect of Unani formulation on urine composition in the patients of Warm-e-Majra-e-Baul\u2013An observational study","volume":"1","author":"Zubair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Herb."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5455\/jeim.290117.or.166","article-title":"A comparative study of polyherbal Unani formulations in gestational Urinary tract infections","volume":"7","author":"Nishat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"21","article-title":"Therapeutic evaluation of Safuf Mudir and Sharbat Bazuri Motadil in urinary tract infections (Tadiya Majrae-Baul)","volume":"7","author":"Ashraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"HJUM"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7897\/2277-4572.04554","article-title":"Urinary tract infection (tadiya majar-e-baul) in the light of Unani system of medicine: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Innov."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2018.07.012","article-title":"Treating urinary tract infections due to MDR E. coli with Isothiocyanates\u2014A phytotherapeutic alternative to antibiotics?","volume":"129","author":"Mutters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-014-0171-5","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-infective potential of Oleanolic acid acetate vis-\u00e0-vis Vitex negundo Linn. and Oroxylum indicum Vent. against human pathogens causing infections of UT, GIT and skin","volume":"15","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn489","article-title":"Cranberry or trimethoprim for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections? A randomized controlled trial in older women","volume":"63","author":"McMurdo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"146","article-title":"Equietum arvense: Pharmacology and phytochemistry\u2014A review","volume":"3","author":"Sandhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/760683","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind clinical trial to assess the acute diuretic effect of Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail) in healthy volunteers","volume":"2014","author":"Carneiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dog, T.L. (2005). Urinary Tract Infection. Women\u2019s Health in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Churchill Livingstone.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06639-9.50026-5"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102004000200025","article-title":"Atividade antibacteriana de \u00f3leos essenciais em cepas isoladas de infec\u00e7\u00e3o urin\u00e1ria","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.54279","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants against pathogens causing complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"71","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.11.035","article-title":"Antiadhesion as a functional concept for protection against uropathogenic Escherichia coli: Invitro studies with traditionally used plants with antiadhesive activity against uropathognic Escherichia coli","volume":"145","author":"Rafsanjany","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"277","article-title":"Medicinal plants and urinary tract infections: An update","volume":"2","author":"Bag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.05.005","article-title":"Black chokeberry juice (Aronia melanocarpa) reduces incidences of urinary tract infection among nursing home residents in the long term\u2014A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Handeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagha, R., Ben Abdallah, F., Al-Sarhan, B.O., and Al-Sodany, Y.M. (2019). Antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory activity of medicinal plant essential oils against Escherichia coli isolated from UTI patients. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061161"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2015.05.007","article-title":"In-vitro antibacterial activity of crude extracts of 9 selected medicinal plants against UTI causing MDR bacteria","volume":"29","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101328","article-title":"Efficacy of crude extracts of Clitoria ternatea for antibacterial activity against gram negative bacterium (Proteus mirabilis)","volume":"21","author":"Dhanasekaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-017-0287-5","article-title":"Invitro antibacterial activity of flavonoids extracts from three Algerian horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) leaves","volume":"18","author":"Bouterfas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60581-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract against uropathogenic strains isolated from recurrent urinary tract infections","volume":"4","author":"Alshami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JABB\/2018\/43534","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Zingiber officinale on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"19","author":"Njobdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.7897\/2277-4343.04422","article-title":"Terminalia chebula: A treatment against pathogenic proteus vulgaris strains associated with urinary tract infection","volume":"4","author":"Tariq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"423","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of Boerhavia diffusa and Punarnavasavam on urinary tract infection (Uti) causing pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Vineeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.3.16736","article-title":"The bactericidal action of the waters of the Jamuna and Ganges rivers on Cholera microbes. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 10:511\u2013523 (1896)","volume":"1","author":"Hankin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)20383-3","article-title":"An investigation on the nature of ultra-microscopic viruses","volume":"186","author":"Twort","year":"1915","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.1.14941","article-title":"On an invisible microbe antagonistic to dysentery bacilli. Note by M. F. d\u2019Herelle, presented by M. Roux. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences 1917; 165:373\u20135","volume":"1","author":"Ackermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patey, O., McCallin, S., Mazure, H., Liddle, M., Smithyman, A., and Dublanchet, A. (2018). Clinical indications and compassionate use of phage therapy: Personal experience and literature review with a focus on osteoarticular infections. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010018"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01832","article-title":"Adapted bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections","volume":"9","author":"Ujmajuridze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00465","article-title":"Bacteriophages as potential treatment for urinary tract infections","volume":"7","author":"Sybesma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.649-659.2001","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Sulakvelidze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2001.tb00531.x","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus dose required to restore and maintain a normal vaginal flora","volume":"32","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.40604","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection with probiotics: Review and research perspective","volume":"24","author":"Borchert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Probiotics-mixed messages","volume":"51","author":"Mack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-005-0043-1","article-title":"Probiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: The rationale and evidence","volume":"24","author":"Reid","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, D.S.C., Silvestroni, A., and Stapleton, A.E. (2016). Cytoprotective effect of Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 against uropathogenic E. coli. Pathogens, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010027"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1664287","article-title":"Probiotic and cranberry supplementation for preventing recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in premenopausal women: A controlled pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Koradia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir183","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"52","author":"Stapleton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2020.100253","article-title":"Mentha piperita as a natural support for silver nanoparticles: A new Anti-candida albicans treatment","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1751-1760.2001","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of intraurethrally administered probiotic Lactobacillus casei in a murine model of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection","volume":"45","author":"Asahara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-0006-2","article-title":"Probiotic therapy: Immunomodulating approach toward urinary tract infection","volume":"63","author":"Amdekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1086\/368080","article-title":"Safety of probiotics that contain Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria","volume":"36","author":"Borriello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20602","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of probiotics: Recent advances","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-011-0031-2","article-title":"Antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles against isolated urinary tract infectious bacterial pathogens","volume":"1","author":"Inbaneson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.057","article-title":"Cellulose gum and copper nanoparticles based hydrogel as antimicrobial agents against urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens","volume":"109","author":"Ahamad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"475","article-title":"Antimicrobial performance of nanostructured silica\u2013titania sieves loaded with izohidrafural against microbial strains isolated from urinary tract infections","volume":"20","author":"Stan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.04.035","article-title":"Phyto-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles of Berberis aristata: Characterization, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity with special reference to urinary tract pathogens","volume":"102","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"459","article-title":"Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant leaf extract against urinary tract infection pathogen","volume":"3","author":"Santhoshkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1080\/24701556.2016.1241272","article-title":"Invitro bactericidal activity of biosynthesized CuS nanoparticles against UTI-causing pathogens","volume":"47","author":"Malarkodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inorg. Nano-Metal Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jab.2017.11.003","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of green silver nanoparticles synthesized from Anogeissus acuminata against multidrug resistant urinary tract infecting bacteria invitro and host-toxicity testing","volume":"16","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101037","article-title":"Biogenic synthesis and effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to combat catheter-related urinary tract infections","volume":"18","author":"Divya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104172","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Carum copticum: Assessment of its quorum sensing and biofilm inhibitory potential against gram negative bacterial pathogens","volume":"144","author":"Qais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.11.014","article-title":"Nanobioimaging and sensing of infectious diseases","volume":"62","author":"Tallury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1021\/ac048990k","article-title":"Affinity capture using vancomycin-bound magnetic nanoparticles for the MALDI-MS analysis of bacteria","volume":"77","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaha, D.C., Bungau, S., Uivarosan, D., Tit, D.M., Maghiar, T.A., Maghiar, O., Pantis, C., Fratila, O., Rus, M., and Vesa, C.M. (2020). Antibiotic consumption and microbiological epidemiology in surgery departments: Results from a single study center. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020081"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/23\/5593\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:38:44Z","timestamp":1760179124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/23\/5593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25235593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25235593","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]}}}