{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:05:54Z","timestamp":1783955154241,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondos Federales","award":["HIM 2018\/030 SSA 1497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM 2018\/030 SSA 1497"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is a crucial event underlying several pediatric neurological diseases, such as the central nervous system (CNS) tumors, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroprotective therapy with natural compounds used as antioxidants has the potential to delay, ameliorate or prevent several pediatric neurological diseases. The present review provides an overview of the most recent research outcomes following quercetin treatment for CNS tumors, ASD and ADHD as well as describes the potential in vitro and in vivo ameliorative effect on oxidative stress of bioactive natural compounds, which seems like a promising future therapy for these diseases. The neuroprotective effects of quercetin against oxidative stress can also be applied in the management of several neurodegenerative disorders with effects such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-obesity and anti-microbial. Therefore, quercetin appears to be a suitable adjuvant for therapy against pediatric neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:55:31Z","timestamp":1606686931000},"page":"5597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin in Pediatric Neurological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3469-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Alvarez-Arellano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT-Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Salazar-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biolog\u00eda del Desarrollo y Teratog\u00e9nesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4907-437X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.09.001","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"153","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1021\/np9904509","article-title":"Flavonoids as antioxidants","volume":"63","author":"Pietta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maher, P. (2019). The Potential of Flavonoids for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123056"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067597","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4067597","article-title":"Natural Compounds for the Management of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"2018","author":"Corona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111817","article-title":"Flavonoids targeting NRF2 in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"146","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"84","article-title":"Overviews of Biological Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid","volume":"10","author":"Arulmoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.011","article-title":"Bioactive effects of quercetin in the central nervous system: Focusing on the mechanisms of actions","volume":"84","author":"Suganthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batiha, G.E., Beshbishy, A.M., Ikram, M., Mulla, Z.S., El-Hack, M.E.A., Taha, A.E., Algammal, A.M., and Elewa, Y.H.A. (2020). The Pharmacological Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Pharmacokinetics of the Major Natural Polyphenolic Flavonoid: Quercetin. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9030374"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H., Ullah, H., Aschner, M., Cheang, W.S., and Akkol, E.K. (2019). Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010059"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2018-0080","article-title":"Application of quercetin in neurological disorders: From nutrition to nanomedicine","volume":"30","author":"Amanzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450120666191112155654","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Insights into its Molecular and Cellular Regulation","volume":"21","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.K., Patel, P.K., Choudhary, K., Joshi, J., Yadav, D., and Jin, J.O. (2020). Quercetin and Coumarin Inhibit Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV and Exhibits Antioxidant Properties: In Silico, In Vitro, Ex Vivo. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020207"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.09.018","article-title":"Quercetin: A flavonol with multifaceted therapeutic applications?","volume":"106","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.055","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying protective role of quercetin in attenuating Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"224","author":"Zaplatic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591356","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neq053","article-title":"Quercetin and cancer chemoprevention","volume":"2011","author":"Gibellini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-018-3062-9","article-title":"Quercetin enhances stress resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae tel1 mutant cells to different stressors","volume":"55","author":"Alugoju","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anggreini, P., Ardianto, C., Rahmadi, M., and Khotib, J. (2019). Quercetin attenuates acute predator stress exposure-evoked innate fear and behavioral perturbation. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharm., 30.","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2019-0242"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhu, H., Wang, K., Yang, Z., and Liu, Z. (2020). Protective effect of quercetin on rat testes against cadmium toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and autophagy. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08947-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03803","article-title":"Modulation of Nrf2 by quercetin in doxorubicin-treated rats","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Xu, G., Dong, Y., Li, M., Yang, L., and Lu, W. (2020). Quercetin Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens through Activation of Nrf2 Pathway. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051053"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08048-0","article-title":"Protective effects of quercetin against oxidative stress induced by bisphenol-A in rat cardiac mitochondria","volume":"27","author":"Vanani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2020.1749253","article-title":"Quercetin Attenuates Acute Lung Injury Caused by Cigarette Smoke Both In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103059","article-title":"Quercetin ameliorates diabetic encephalopathy through SIRT1\/ER stress pathway in db\/db mice","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5457","article-title":"Advances in the molecular classification of pediatric brain tumors: A guide to the galaxy","volume":"251","author":"Cacciotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.04.009","article-title":"Pediatric Brain Tumors","volume":"36","author":"Udaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21613","article-title":"Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions","volume":"70","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26595","article-title":"Quercetin: A functional dietary flavonoid with potential chemo-preventive properties in colorectal cancer","volume":"233","author":"Darband","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.08.011","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect of quercetin, a natural dietary flavonoid on prostate cancer in in vivo model","volume":"33","author":"Sharmila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13374","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13374","article-title":"Quercetin as an anticancer agent: Focus on esophageal cancer","volume":"44","author":"Davoodvandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00048","article-title":"Quercetin as an Emerging Anti-Melanoma Agent: A Four-Focus Area Therapeutic Development Strategy","volume":"3","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap, D., Garg, V.K., Tuli, H.S., Yerer, M.B., Sak, K., Sharma, A.K., Kumar, M., Aggarwal, V., and Sandhu, S.S. (2019). Fisetin and Quercetin: Promising Flavonoids with Chemopreventive Potential. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9050174"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6155","article-title":"Anticancer potential of quercetin: A comprehensive review","volume":"32","author":"Rauf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczynski, K., Godlewski, J., and Bronisz, A. (2020). Oxidative Stress-Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem in the Hypoxic Environment of a Brain Tumor. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080747"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42740","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8600","article-title":"Cancer drug resistance: Redox resetting renders a way","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2020.1740933","article-title":"Quercetin-loaded nanoparticles enhance cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity on C6 glioma cells","volume":"25","author":"Ersoz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0057-6","article-title":"An in vitro study ascertaining the role of H2O2 and glucose oxidase in modulation of antioxidant potential and cancer cell survival mechanisms in glioblastoma U-87 MG cells","volume":"32","author":"Cholia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114098","article-title":"Quercetin and chloroquine synergistically kill glioma cells by inducing organelle stress and disrupting Ca(2+) homeostasis","volume":"178","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"271","article-title":"Effects of quercetin nanoliposomes on C6 glioma cells through induction of type III programmed cell death","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34607","article-title":"PEG2000-DPSE-coated quercetin nanoparticles remarkably enhanced anticancer effects through induced programed cell death on C6 glioma cells","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.02.039","article-title":"Additivity, antagonism, and synergy in arsenic trioxide-induced growth inhibition of C6 glioma cells: Effects of genistein, quercetin and buthionine-sulfoximine","volume":"67","author":"Klauser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.03.007","article-title":"Quercetin inhibition of ROS-dependent and -independent apoptosis in rat glioma C6 cells","volume":"223","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12008","article-title":"Interleukins in glioblastoma pathophysiology: Implications for therapy","volume":"168","author":"Yeung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimi Koshkaki, H., Minasi, S., Ugolini, A., Trevisi, G., Napoletano, C., Zizzari, I.G., Gessi, M., Giangaspero, F., Mangiola, A., and Nuti, M. (2020). Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune Infiltrate in Tumor Microenvironment of Glioblastoma. J. Pers Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030112"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahar, E., Kim, J.Y., and Yoon, H. (2017). Quercetin Attenuates Manganese-Induced Neuroinflammation by Alleviating Oxidative Stress through Regulation of Apoptosis, iNOS\/NF-kappaB and HO-1\/Nrf2 Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091989"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.02.017","article-title":"Quercetin abrogates IL-6\/STAT3 signaling and inhibits glioblastoma cell line growth and migration","volume":"318","author":"Beliveau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.024","article-title":"Understanding Apoptosis and Apoptotic Pathways Targeted Cancer Therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Jan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596496","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/596496","article-title":"Quercetin induces mitochondrial mediated apoptosis and protective autophagy in human glioblastoma U373MG cells","volume":"2013","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02802-8","article-title":"Quercetin and Sodium Butyrate Synergistically Increase Apoptosis in Rat C6 and Human T98G Glioblastoma Cells Through Inhibition of Autophagy","volume":"44","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-0785-0","article-title":"Apoptosis induction in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells upon temozolomide and quercetin treatment","volume":"34","author":"Langner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tumour. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.22","article-title":"Quercetin sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide in vitro via inhibition of Hsp27","volume":"35","author":"Sang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2013.10.003","article-title":"The effect of quercetin and imperatorin on programmed cell death induction in T98G cells in vitro","volume":"66","author":"Badziul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-013-9452-x","article-title":"Quercetin and sorafenib as a novel and effective couple in programmed cell death induction in human gliomas","volume":"26","author":"Langner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotox Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201490784","article-title":"Autophagy in malignant transformation and cancer progression","volume":"34","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2239","article-title":"Self-eating and self-killing: Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Maiuri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2149-2","article-title":"Quercetin blocks t-AUCB-induced autophagy by Hsp27 and Atg7 inhibition in glioblastoma cells in vitro","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0331-1","article-title":"Quercetin sensitizes glioblastoma to t-AUCB by dual inhibition of Hsp27 and COX-2 in vitro and in vivo","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-4125-4","article-title":"Inhibition of autophagy induced by quercetin at a late stage enhances cytotoxic effects on glioma cells","volume":"37","author":"Bi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.11.002","article-title":"Quercetin promotes glioma growth in a rat model","volume":"63","author":"Zamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-018-0644-3","article-title":"The Monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor Quercetin induces intracellular acidification in a mouse model of Glioblastoma Multiforme: In-vivo detection using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"37","author":"Albatany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petho, Z., Najder, K., Carvalho, T., McMorrow, R., Todesca, L.M., Rugi, M., Bulk, E., Chan, A., Lowik, C., and Reshkin, S.J. (2020). pH-Channeling in Cancer: How pH-Dependence of Cation Channels Shapes Cancer Pathophysiology. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092484"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Suppression of the proliferation of cancer cell lines, KB-3-1 and K562 cells preceded by a decrease in intracellular pH caused by phenoxazine derivatives","volume":"19","author":"Che","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200292c","article-title":"Drug resistance and cellular adaptation to tumor acidic pH microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Wojtkowiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2020.00005","article-title":"The impact of tumour pH on cancer progression: Strategies for clinical intervention","volume":"1","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Explor. Target. Antitumor."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35776","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7980","article-title":"A chemical screen for medulloblastoma identifies quercetin as a putative radiosensitizer","volume":"7","author":"Lagerweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.102616","article-title":"The flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin inhibit hepatocyte growth factor-induced medulloblastoma cell migration","volume":"139","author":"Labbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500201","article-title":"A case series of a luteolin formulation (NeuroProtek(R)) in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"25","author":"Theoharides","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.04.006","article-title":"An open-label pilot study of a formulation containing the anti-inflammatory flavonoid luteolin and its effects on behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"35","author":"Taliou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.44.357","article-title":"Ameliorating effect of postweaning exposure to antioxidant on disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis induced by developmental hypothyroidism in rats","volume":"44","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Mattos, B.D.S., Soares, M.S.P., Spohr, L., Pedra, N.S., Teixeira, F.C., de Souza, A.A., Stefanello, F.M., Baldissarelli, J., Gamaro, G.D., and Spanevello, R.M. (2020). Quercetin prevents alterations of behavioral parameters, delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase activity, and oxidative damage in brain of rats in a prenatal model of autism. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10025"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2217\/14750708.2.4.609","article-title":"Passiflora incarnata in the teartment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Akhondzadeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Therapy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.22.2633","article-title":"Hypericum perforatum (St John\u2019s wort) for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Weber","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410802076259","article-title":"John\u2019s wort may improve some symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"24","author":"Niederhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3198","article-title":"Impact of plant extracts tested in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder treatment on cell survival and energy metabolism in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"24","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.11.006","article-title":"Lack of beneficial metabolic effects of quercetin in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"627","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12997","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171112997","article-title":"Quercetin improves baroreflex sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"17","author":"Monteiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.032","article-title":"Quercetin up-regulates mitochondrial complex-I activity to protect against programmed cell death in rotenone model of Parkinson\u2019s disease in rats","volume":"236","author":"Karuppagounder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072548","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats and inhibits angiotensin II-induced H9C2 cells hypertrophy by enhancing PPAR-gamma expression and suppressing AP-1 activity","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.01.007","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic quercetin administration on methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion and oxidative stress","volume":"171","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, P.Y., Bolte, S., Kaur, P., Jamil, S., and Jonsson, U. (2020). Neurological disorders in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism, 1362361320951370.","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320951370"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318","article-title":"The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"38","author":"Lyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0121-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for autism: An evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Modabbernia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126638","article-title":"Environmental influence on neurodevelopmental disorders: Potential association of heavy metal exposure and autism","volume":"62","author":"Ijomone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00370-1","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder at the crossroad between genes and environment: Contributions, convergences, and interactions in ASD developmental pathophysiology","volume":"11","author":"Cheroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00906-2","article-title":"Quantitative genome-wide association study of six phenotypic subdomains identifies novel genome-wide significant variants in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Yousaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamy, M., Pedapati, E.V., Dominick, K.L., Wink, L.K., and Erickson, C.A. (2020). Recent Advances in the Pharmacological Management of Behavioral Disturbances Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Paediatr. Drugs.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-020-00408-0"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurwitz, R., Blackmore, R., Hazell, P., Williams, K., and Woolfenden, S. (2012). Tricyclic antidepressants for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008372.pub2"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00304","article-title":"Current Enlightenment About Etiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Eissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E438","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12242","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine for autism spectrum disorders: Rationale, safety and efficacy","volume":"49","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.010","article-title":"Polyphenols as food bioactive compounds in the context of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A critical mini-review","volume":"102","author":"Serra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osredkar, J., Gosar, D., Macek, J., Kumer, K., Fabjan, T., Finderle, P., Sterpin, S., Zupan, M., and Jekovec Vrhovsek, M. (2019). Urinary Markers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060187"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717215","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3717215","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Maternal Diabetes, and Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"2018","author":"Carpita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"164","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15020","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Faraone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","article-title":"ADHD in children and young people: Prevalence, care pathways, and service provision","volume":"5","author":"Sayal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez-Arellano, L., Gonzalez-Garcia, N., Salazar-Garcia, M., and Corona, J.C. (2020). Antioxidants as a Potential Target against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020176"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.5.619","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adults","volume":"292","author":"Wilens","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191682","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1682","article-title":"ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines: A Historical Perspective","volume":"144","author":"Wolraich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"192","article-title":"A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"21","author":"Briars","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06750.x","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic administration of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice","volume":"114","author":"Koda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00346-9","article-title":"Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: A potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"27","author":"Bymaster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.11.022","article-title":"Effect of the attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder drug atomoxetine on extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine in several brain regions of the rat","volume":"50","author":"Swanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_426","article-title":"Misuse of Methylphenidate","volume":"34","author":"Clemow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0349-0","article-title":"The Safety of Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Over a Decade of Research","volume":"30","author":"Reed","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-015-0170-5","article-title":"Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ADHD: Possible causes and the potential of antioxidant-targeted therapies","volume":"7","author":"Lopresti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713510354","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Attent. Disord."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corona, J.C. (2020). Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111039"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1623-5","article-title":"Effects of acute doses of methylphenidate on inflammation and oxidative stress in isolated hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult rats","volume":"124","author":"Motaghinejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1515\/rns.2011.024","article-title":"Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model for ADHD: A short overview","volume":"22","author":"Meneses","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.023","article-title":"PPARgamma as a therapeutic target to rescue mitochondrial function in neurological disease","volume":"100","author":"Corona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1604-1","article-title":"EGCG inhibits properties of glioma stem-like cells and synergizes with temozolomide through downregulation of P-glycoprotein inhibition","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10667","article-title":"Medulloblastoma cell invasion is inhibited by green tea (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate","volume":"90","author":"Pilorget","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Additive anticancer effects of chrysin and low dose cisplatin in human malignant glioma cell (U87) proliferation and evaluation of the mechanistic pathway","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. BUON"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S191158","article-title":"Luteolin suppresses tumor proliferation through inducing apoptosis and autophagy via MAPK activation in glioma","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"ONCO Targets"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13077","article-title":"Luteolin Decreases Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mediated Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Cell Lines","volume":"123","author":"Anson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3299-4","article-title":"Luteolin induces apoptosis by ROS\/ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in gliomablastoma","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.10.010","article-title":"Synergistic anti-tumor actions of luteolin and silibinin prevented cell migration and invasion and induced apoptosis in glioblastoma SNB19 cells and glioblastoma stem cells","volume":"1629","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-015-1198-x","article-title":"Anti-tumor activities of luteolin and silibinin in glioblastoma cells: Overexpression of miR-7-1-3p augmented luteolin and silibinin to inhibit autophagy and induce apoptosis in glioblastoma in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719518","article-title":"Beneficial effects of green tea\u2014A review","volume":"25","author":"Cabrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.06.063","article-title":"Amelioration of behavioral aberrations and oxidative markers by green tea extract in valproate induced autism in animals","volume":"1410","author":"Banji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12648","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide\/Luteolin in a Mouse Model of Autism and in a Case Report of Autism","volume":"23","author":"Bertolino","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2017.00260.8","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates Behavioral Defects in Sodium Valproate Induced Autism Rat Model","volume":"10","author":"Kumaravel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Tech."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.065","article-title":"Naringenin and its nanocarriers as potential phytotherapy for autism spectrum disorders","volume":"47","author":"Bhandari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2778","article-title":"First preliminary results of an observation of Ginkgo Biloba treating patients with autistic disorder","volume":"23","author":"Niederhofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0292-3","article-title":"A double-blind placebo controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba added to risperidone in patients with autistic disorders","volume":"43","author":"Hasanzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child. Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"576","article-title":"Effect of baicalin on ATPase and LDH and its regulatory effect on the AC\/cAMP\/PKA signaling pathway in rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"930","article-title":"Effect of baicalin on behavioral characteristics of rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760600824902","article-title":"Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"40","author":"Chovanova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1179\/135100006X116664","article-title":"The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"11","author":"Dvorakova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0538-3","article-title":"Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol","volume":"15","author":"Trebaticka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0009-6","article-title":"Oroxylin A improves attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like behaviors in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and inhibits reuptake of dopamine in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.05.002","article-title":"5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4\u2032-phenoxyflavone, a derivative of oroxylin A improves attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behaviors in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"715","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/23\/5597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:38:50Z","timestamp":1760179130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/23\/5597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25235597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25235597","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]}}}