{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:46:28Z","timestamp":1788306388527,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/N\/ST10\/03182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/N\/ST10\/03182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim was to assess plant driven changes in the activity and diversity of microorganisms in the top layer of the zinc and lead smelter waste piles. The study sites comprised two types (flotation waste\u2014FW and slag waste\u2014SW) of smelter waste deposits in Piekary Slaskie, Poland. Cadmium, zinc, lead, and arsenic contents in these technosols were extremely high. The root zone of 8 spontaneous plant species (FW\u2014Thymus serpyllum, Silene vulgaris, Solidago virgaurea, Echium vulgare, and Rumex acetosa; and SW\u2014Verbascum thapsus; Solidago gigantea, Eupatorium cannabinum) and barren areas of each waste deposit were sampled. We observed a significant difference in microbial characteristics attributed to different plant species. The enzymatic activity was mostly driven by plant-microbial interactions and it was significantly greater in soil affected by plants than in bulk soil. Furthermore, as it was revealed by BIOLOG Ecoplate analysis, microorganisms inhabiting barren areas of the waste piles rely on significantly different sources of carbon than those found in the zone affected by spontaneous plants. Among phyla, Actinobacteriota were the most abundant, contributing to at least 25% of the total abundance. Bacteria belonging to Blastococcus genera were the most abundant with the substantial contribution of Nocardioides and Pseudonocardia, especially in the root zone. The contribution of unclassified bacteria was high\u2014up to 38% of the total abundance. This demonstrates the unique character of bacterial communities in the smelter waste.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1606767022000},"page":"5638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Activity and Diversity of Microorganisms in Root Zone of Plant Species Spontaneously Inhabiting Smelter Waste Piles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9516-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Siebielec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Siebielec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1448-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Sugier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Grz\u0105dziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ga\u0142\u0105zka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Stuczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1 H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dulias, R. 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