{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:32:59Z","timestamp":1790188379826,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&amp;#x00F6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","award":["407240_167048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407240_167048"]}]},{"name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&amp;#x00F6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","award":["200020_178998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200020_178998"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Many antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are active against such bacteria and often act by destabilizing membranes, a mechanism that can also be used to permeabilize bacteria to other antibiotics, resulting in synergistic effects. We recently showed that G3KL, an AMP with a multibranched dendritic topology of the peptide chain, permeabilizes the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria including multidrug-resistant strains, leading to efficient bacterial killing. Here, we show that permeabilization of the outer and inner membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by G3KL, initially detected using the DNA-binding fluorogenic dye propidium iodide (PI), also leads to a synergistic effect between G3KL and PI in this bacterium. We also identify a synergistic effect between G3KL and six different antibiotics against the Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae, against which G3KL is inactive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1606767022000},"page":"5643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Synergistic Effect of Propidium Iodide and Small Molecule Antibiotics with the Antimicrobial Peptide Dendrimer G3KL against Gram-Negative Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Bee-Ha","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingguang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Javor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2724-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Reymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.2165\/11317030-000000000-00000","article-title":"Efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria: An update","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms","volume":"415","author":"Zasloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2011.05.001","article-title":"The expanding scope of antimicrobial peptide structures and their modes of action","volume":"29","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/ph8030366","article-title":"Peptides and Peptidomimetics for Antimicrobial Drug Design","volume":"8","author":"Mojsoska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00466-1","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics-a pipeline portfolio review","volume":"16","author":"Czaplewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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