{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T11:50:30Z","timestamp":1792929030583,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study evaluated the antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde on Candida spp. In vitro and in situ assays were carried out to test cinnamaldehyde for its anti-Candida effects, antibiofilm activity, effects on fungal micromorphology, antioxidant activity, and toxicity on keratinocytes and human erythrocytes. Statistical analysis was performed considering \u03b1 = 5%. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of cinnamaldehyde ranged from 18.91 \u03bcM to 37.83 \u03bcM. MIC values did not change in the presence of 0.8 M sorbitol, whereas an 8-fold increase was observed in the presence of ergosterol, suggesting that cinnamaldehyde may act on the cell membrane, which was subsequently confirmed by docking analysis. The action of cinnamaldehyde likely includes binding to enzymes involved in the formation of the cytoplasmic membrane in yeast cells. Cinnamaldehyde-treated microcultures showed impaired cellular development, with an expression of rare pseudo-hyphae and absence of chlamydoconidia. Cinnamaldehyde reduced biofilm adherence by 64.52% to 33.75% (p &lt; 0.0001) at low concentrations (378.3\u2013151.3 \u00b5M). Cinnamaldehyde did not show antioxidant properties. Conclusions: Cinnamaldehyde showed fungicidal activity through a mechanism of action likely related to ergosterol complexation; it was non-cytotoxic to keratinocytes and human erythrocytes and showed no antioxidant activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T22:12:06Z","timestamp":1608156726000},"page":"5969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Docking Prediction, Antifungal Activity, Anti-Biofilm Effects on Candida spp., and Toxicity against Human Cells of Cinnamaldehyde"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Danielle","family":"da N\u00f3brega Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex France Messias","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia N\u00e9ris","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pharmacology and Cell Culture Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josy Goldoni","family":"Lazarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP 13414-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisely Maria Freire","family":"Ab\u00edlio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Queiroga Sarmento","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4863-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus Tullius","family":"Scotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Chemistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Scotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Cheminformatics Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Luiz","family":"Rosalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP 13414-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Biological Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas 37130-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Dias de","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.141325","article-title":"Oral Candidiasis: An Overview","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol. JOMFP"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12626","article-title":"Elucidating the Role of Hyposalivation and Autoimmunity in Oral Candidiasis","volume":"23","author":"Billings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.03.002","article-title":"Distribution of Candida albicans and Non-albicans Candida Species in Oral Candidiasis Patients: Correlation between Cell Surface Hydrophobicity and Biofilm Forming Activities","volume":"60","author":"Muadcheingka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01391","article-title":"Clinical Appearance of Oral Candida Infection and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"54","article-title":"A Review on Oral Candidal Infection","volume":"5","author":"Manik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Dent. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652012000100004","article-title":"Oral Colonization by Yeasts in HIV-Positive Patients in Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Junqueira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dietrich, L.A., and Friedmann, T.S. (2013). Candida albicans: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.118358","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts on Candida albicans: An in vitro Study","volume":"24","author":"Doddanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"103","article-title":"Produtos Naturais Como Nova Alternativa Terap\u00eautica Para o Tratamento de Candid\u00edase Bucal","volume":"20","author":"Barbosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Uning\u00e1 Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S445","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix131","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Candida: Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Treatment","volume":"216","author":"Arendrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.18041\/2390-0512\/bioc..1.2859","article-title":"Candida Glabrata: Un Pat\u00f3geno Emergente","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biociencias"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Houssaini, H.H., Elnabawy, O.M., Nasser, H.A., and Elkhatib, W.F. (2019). Influence of Subinhibitory Antifungal Concentrations on Extracellular Hydrolases and Biofilm Production by Candida albicans Recovered from Egyptian Patients. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3685-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30316-X","article-title":"The Global Problem of Antifungal Resistance: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Management","volume":"17","author":"Perlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-030117-020345","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of Antifungal Drug Resistance","volume":"71","author":"Robbins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, C.M.O., Schenkel, E.P., de Mello, J.C.P., Mentz, L.A., and Petrovick, P.R. (2016). Farmacognosia: Do Produto Natural Ao Medicamento, Artmed Editora."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-011-9286-3","article-title":"Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive, Upregulates Neuroprotective Parkinson Disease Protein DJ-1 in Astrocytes and Neurons","volume":"7","author":"Khasnavis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2014-0012","article-title":"Attenuating Effect of Standardized Lyophilized Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Bark Extract against Streptozotocin-Induced Experimental Dementia of Alzheimer\u2019s Type","volume":"26","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.90412","article-title":"Antioxidative Effects of Cinnamomi Cortex: A Potential Role of INOS and COX-II","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Cinnamon Effects on Metabolic Syndrome: A Review Based on Its Mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Mollazadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2014.11.008","article-title":"Cinnamon from the Selection of Traditional Applications to Its Novel Effects on the Inhibition of Angiogenesis in Cancer Cells and Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and a Series of Functions Such as Antioxidant, Anticholesterol, Antidiabetes, Antibacteri","volume":"5","author":"Hamidpour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connell, B.J., Chang, S.-Y., Prakash, E., Yousfi, R., Mohan, V., Posch, W., Wilflingseder, D., Moog, C., Kodama, E.N., and Clayette, P. (2016). A Cinnamon-Derived Procyanidin Compound Displays Anti-HIV-1 Activity by Blocking Heparan Sulfate-and Co-Receptor-Binding Sites on Gp120 and Reverses T Cell Exhaustion via Impeding Tim-3 and PD-1 Upregulation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165386"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-018-2549-x","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Magnoflorine against Candida Strains","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2010.03.013","article-title":"Anticandidal Activity of Cinnamaldehyde, Its Ligand and Ni (II) Complex: Effect of Increase in Ring and Side Chain","volume":"49","author":"Shreaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr512","article-title":"Antibiofilm Activity of Certain Phytocompounds and Their Synergy with Fluconazole against Candida albicans Biofilms","volume":"67","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01641","article-title":"Enhanced Killing and Antibiofilm Activity of Encapsulated Cinnamaldehyde against Candida albicans","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.06.004","article-title":"Spice Oil Cinnamaldehyde Exhibits Potent Anticandidal Activity against Fluconazole Resistant Clinical Isolates","volume":"82","author":"Shreaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.10.016","article-title":"In Silico Approaches for Screening Molecular Targets in Candida albicans: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Discovery and Development","volume":"842","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.24125\/sanamed.v13i2.236","article-title":"The Role of Candida albicans on the Development of Stomatitis in Patients Wearing Dentures","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sanamed"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15782","article-title":"Cutaneous Candidiasis\u2013an Evidence-based Review of Topical and Systemic Treatments to Inform Clinical Practice","volume":"33","author":"Taudorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatology Venereol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gow, N.A.R., Latge, J.-P., and Munro, C.A. (2017). The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function. Fungal Kingd., 267\u2013292.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819583.ch12"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2673-2","article-title":"Outline of the Biosynthesis and Regulation of Ergosterol in Yeast","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, M., Karunaratne, K., and Kohen, A. (2016). Flavin-Dependent Thymidylate Synthase as a New Antibiotic Target. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050654"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"150","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Cinnamaldehyde against Candida albicans","volume":"48","author":"Pootong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wayne, P. (2008). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Approved Standard."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7158756","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils against Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Users of Dental Prostheses","volume":"2017","author":"Freire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12278","article-title":"Use of Nystatin and Chlorhexidine in Oral Medicine: Properties, Indications and Pitfalls with Focus on Geriatric Patients","volume":"34","author":"Scheibler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.036145-0","article-title":"Influences of Cinnamic Aldehydes on H+ Extrusion Activity and Ultrastructure of Candida","volume":"62","author":"Shreaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2016.05.016","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde and Its Derivatives, a Novel Class of Antifungal Agents","volume":"112","author":"Shreaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Wang, D., Liu, L., Chen, J., Xue, Y., and Shi, Z. (2013). Ca2+ Efflux Is Involved in Cinnamaldehyde-Induced Growth Inhibition of Phytophthora Capsici. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076264"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-3-54","article-title":"Phenyl Aldehyde and Propanoids Exert Multiple Sites of Action towards Cell Membrane and Cell Wall Targeting Ergosterol in Candida albicans","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amb Express"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-26","article-title":"Small Molecules Inhibit Growth, Viability and Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Candida albicans","volume":"2","author":"Rajput","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1301","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Essential Oils against Escherichia Coli O157: H7 and Salmonella on Lettuce","volume":"10","author":"Yossa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, G., Rosalen, P., Peixoto, L., P\u00e9rez, A., Carlo, F., Castellano, L., Lima, J., Freires, I., Lima, E., and Castro, R. (2017). Antibiofilm Activity and Mechanism of Action of the Disinfectant Chloramine T on Candida Spp., and Its Toxicity against Human Cells. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091527"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-012-0001-0","article-title":"The Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on the Growth and the Morphology of Candida albicans","volume":"46","author":"Taguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pakkulnan, R., Anutrakunchai, C., Kanthawong, S., Taweechaisupapong, S., Chareonsudjai, P., and Chareonsudjai, S. (2019). Extracellular DNA Facilitates Bacterial Adhesion during Burkholderia Pseudomallei Biofilm Formation. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213288"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.021","article-title":"Drug-Susceptibility, Biofilm-Forming Ability and Biofilm Survival on Stainless Steel of Listeria Spp. strains Isolated from Cheese","volume":"296","author":"Skowron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Katchburian, E., and Arana Chavez, V.E. (2012). Histologia e Embriologia Oral: Texto, Atlas, Correla\u00e7\u00f5es Cl\u00ednicas, Guanabara Koogan."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Salinas, S., Elizondo-Castillo, H., Arruebo, M., Mendoza, G., and Irusta, S. (2018). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Different Components of Natural Origin Present in Essential Oils. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.1101\/325639"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"ISO 10993-5 (1992). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for Cytotoxicity: In Vitro Methods, ISO."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1830","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde\/Chemotherapeutic Agents Interaction and Drug-Metabolizing Genes in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00683.x","article-title":"Hapten\u2013Protein Binding: From Theory to Practical Application in the in vitro Prediction of Skin Sensitization","volume":"53","author":"Divkovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.07.005","article-title":"Human Erythrocytes Are Affected in vitro by Flavonoids of Aristotelia Chilensis (Maqui) Leaves","volume":"363","author":"Suwalsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.05.025","article-title":"Understanding the Correlation between in vitro and in Vivo Immunotoxicity Tests for Nanomedicines","volume":"172","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.11.007","article-title":"Erythrocytes as a Biological Model for Screening of Xenobiotics Toxicity","volume":"279","author":"Farag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-05722009000400013","article-title":"Composi\u00e7\u00e3o e Atividades Antioxidante e Antimicrobiana Dos \u00d3leos Essenciais de Cravo-Da-\u00cdndia, Citronela e Palmarosa","volume":"11","author":"Scherer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Plantas Med."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Release, H. (2002). 7.5 for Windows, Molecular Modeling System, Hypercube Inc."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"De Campos, L.V.B., Correia, J.C.G., and Carauta, A.N.M. (2017). Estudo Da Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Do Trietoxisilano Com o \u00c1cido Linol\u00e9ico Como Hidrofugante Em Rochas Ornamentais via Modelagem Molecular."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Moreira, M.P. (2017). Novos Pol\u00edmeros a Base de \u00c1cido Glicerofosf\u00f3rico\/Beta-Ciclodextrina Reticulado Com Liga\u00e7\u00f5es Uret\u00e2nicas: Prepara\u00e7\u00e3o e Incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o de Ciprofloxacina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Alt\u00ea, M.A. (2017). Estudo Estrutural e Planejamento de Novos Inibidores Para a Enzima Prefenato Desidratase de Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Universidade Federal de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Porto."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Barros, R.P.C. (2017). Triagem Virtual de Metab\u00f3litos Secund\u00e1rios Com Potencial Atividade Antimicrobiana Do G\u00eanero Solanum e Estudo Fitoquimico de Solanum Capsicoides All, Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Santana, C.B. (2017). Composi\u00e7\u00e3o Qu\u00edmica, Atividade Antimicrobiana, Inseticida e Antioxidante Do \u00d3leo Essencial e Extratos de Myrcia Oblongata DC, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran\u00e1."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6728","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.778308","article-title":"Structural Analyses of Candida albicans Sterol 14\u03b1-Demethylase Complexed with Azole Drugs Address the Molecular Basis of Azole-Mediated Inhibition of Fungal Sterol Biosynthesis","volume":"292","author":"Hargrove","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13797","article-title":"Structure of an Integral Membrane Sterol Reductase from Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum","volume":"517","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/13.10.735","article-title":"Minor Structural Consequences of Alternative CUG Codon Usage (Ser for Leu) in Candida albicans Exoglucanase","volume":"13","author":"Cutfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Protein Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4360","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.7b00498","article-title":"The Structure of Thymidylate Kinase from Candida albicans Reveals a Unique Structural Element","volume":"56","author":"Sinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1417","article-title":"Discovery and Characterization of a New Family of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases","volume":"10","author":"Hemsworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40203-017-0027-z","article-title":"Computational Approaches to the in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Allium airtifolium Boiss against Gentamicin-Resistant Escherichia Coli: Focus on Ribosome Recycling Factor","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Silico Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCBDD.2017.082792","article-title":"In Silico Virtual Screening of PubChem Compounds against Phosphotransacetylase, a Putative Drug Target for Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"10","author":"Varma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2018.05.033","article-title":"An Endophytic Fungi of Ginkgo Biloba L. Produces Antimicrobial Metabolites as Potential Inhibitors of FtsZ of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"128","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2017.12.017","article-title":"Assessing GPCR Homology Models Constructed from Templates of Various Transmembrane Sequence Identities: Binding Mode Prediction and Docking Enrichment","volume":"80","author":"Loo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph. Model."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"189","article-title":"Cross-Docking Study of Flavonoids against Tyrosinase Enzymes Using PyRx 0.8 Virtual Screening Tool","volume":"41","author":"Ounthaisong","year":"2017","journal-title":"TJPS"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.02.020","article-title":"Discovery of Novel CDK8 Inhibitors Using Multiple Crystal Structures in Docking-Based Virtual Screening","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2018.2s.4","article-title":"In Silico Activity Analysis of Saponins and 2, 5-Piperazinedione from Marine Organism against Murine Double Minute-2 Inhibitor and Procaspase-3 Activator","volume":"10","author":"Yanuar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2003.07.002","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Thyme Oils on Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus Parasiticus","volume":"15","author":"Rasooli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2011.03.016","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Halopyrazole Derivatives","volume":"17","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.48.306","article-title":"A Whole-Cell Candida albicans Assay for the Detection of Inhibitors towards Fungal Cell Wall Synthesis and Assembly","volume":"48","author":"Frost","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/378280","article-title":"Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Action of Citral against Candida albicans","volume":"2014","author":"Leite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Almeida Freires, I., Murata, R.M., Furletti, V.F., Sartoratto, A., de Alencar, S.M., Figueira, G.M., de Oliveira Rodrigues, J.A., Duarte, M.C.T., and Rosalen, P.L. (2014). Coriandrum sativum L.(Coriander) Essential Oil: Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action on Candida Spp., and Molecular Targets Affected in Human Whole-Genome Expression. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099086"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2012.754728","article-title":"Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of Carvacrol against Candida albicans Strains","volume":"25","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01366-12","article-title":"Caspofungin Kills Candida albicans by Causing Both Cellular Apoptosis and Necrosis","volume":"57","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg117","article-title":"Caspofungin: The First Representative of a New Antifungal Class","volume":"51","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2013.08.008","article-title":"Antifungal Therapy with an Emphasis on Biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Pierce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000362369","article-title":"Impact of Brief and Sequential Exposure to Nystatin on the Germ Tube Formation and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity of Oral Candida albicans Isolates from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients","volume":"23","author":"Ellepola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2012.741694","article-title":"Effect of Schinus Terebinthifolius on Candida albicans Growth Kinetics, Cell Wall Formation and Micromorphology","volume":"71","author":"Alves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517714414","article-title":"Bacterial GtfB Augments Candida albicans Accumulation in Cross-Kingdom Biofilms","volume":"96","author":"Ellepola","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90368-6","article-title":"Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Cell Growth and Survival: Modifications to the Tetrazolium Dye Procedure Giving Improved Sensitivity and Reliability","volume":"89","author":"Denizot","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04213-14","article-title":"Surface-Engineered Dendrimeric Nanoconjugates for Macrophage-Targeted Delivery of Amphotericin B: Formulation Development and in vitro and in Vivo Evaluation","volume":"59","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020071c","article-title":"Vitamin C Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (VCEAC) of Phenolic Phytochemicals","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/24\/5969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:04Z","timestamp":1760179564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/24\/5969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25245969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25245969","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]}}}