{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T11:13:58Z","timestamp":1760181238710,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>General anesthesia is obtained by administration of potent hypnotics, analgesics and muscle relaxants. Apart from their intended effects (loss of consciousness, pain relief and muscle relaxation), these agents profoundly affect the control of breathing, in part by an effect within the peripheral chemoreflex loop that originates at the carotid bodies. This review assesses the role of cholinergic chemotransmission in the peripheral chemoreflex loop and the mechanisms through which muscle relaxants and hypnotics interfere with peripheral chemosensitivity. Additionally, consequences for clinical practice are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T21:21:49Z","timestamp":1608240109000},"page":"5974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cholinergic Chemotransmission and Anesthetic Drug Effects at the Carotid Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9747-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Honing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0289-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique","family":"van Velzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Niesters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Dahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martijn","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394270","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/394270","article-title":"Volatile anaesthetic depression of the carotid body chemoreflex-mediated ventilatory response to hypoxia: Directions for future research","volume":"2014","author":"Pandit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199312000-00007","article-title":"Propofol depresses the hypoxic ventilatory response during conscious sedation and isohypercapnia","volume":"79","author":"Blouin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen094","article-title":"Opioids and the control of respiration","volume":"100","author":"Pattinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. 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