{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T18:38:49Z","timestamp":1781980729753,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T21:21:49Z","timestamp":1608240109000},"page":"5978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"family":"Riyazuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samrin","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, JNTU, Hyderabad 500085, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fohad Mabood","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal Akhter","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadijah H.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7599-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rais Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0897-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Alsalme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9397","DOI":"10.1021\/ie400911r","article-title":"An Effective Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression Oligomer for Epoxy Resin","volume":"52","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. 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