{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:51:23Z","timestamp":1787064683526,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KIST Institutional Program (Atmospheric Environment Research Program)","award":["SK-2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SK-2002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003705","name":"Korea Institute of Toxicology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK-2004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK-2004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diesel exhaust particulates (DEP) have adverse effects on the respiratory system. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) abnormalities contribute to lung inflammation. However, the relationship between DEP exposure and ER stress in the respiratory immune system and especially the alveolar macrophages (AM) is poorly understood. Here, we examined ER stress and inflammatory responses using both in vivo and in vitro study. For in vivo study, mice were intratracheally instilled with 25, 50, and 100 \u03bcg DEP and in vitro AM were stimulated with DEP at 1, 2, and 3 mg\/mL. DEP increased lung weight and the number of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. DEP also increased the number of DEP-pigmented AM and ER stress markers including bound immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP) were upregulated in the lungs of DEP-treated mice. In an in vitro study, DEP caused cell damage, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, and upregulated inflammatory genes and ER stress-related BiP, CHOP, splicing X-box binding protein 1, and activating transcription factor 4 expressions in AM. Furthermore, DEP released the C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1\/KC) in AM. In conclusion, DEP may contribute to neutrophilic lung inflammation pathogenesis by modulating ER stress-mediated CXCL1\/KC expression in AM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25246046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T09:41:41Z","timestamp":1608543701000},"page":"6046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Diesel Exhaust Particulates Induce Neutrophilic Lung Inflammation by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated CXCL1\/KC Expression in Alveolar Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dong Im","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Kyung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science &amp; Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-In","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang Min","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyuhong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science &amp; Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000248","article-title":"Pulmonary health effects of air pollution","volume":"22","author":"Kurt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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