{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:41:24Z","timestamp":1789148484319,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA-EU) within the programme EUDIME \u201cErasmus Mundus Doctorate in Membrane Engineering\u201d","award":["FPA 2011\u20130014, SGA 2014\u20130970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPA 2011\u20130014, SGA 2014\u20130970"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERANETMED3-166 EXTRASEA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERANETMED3-166 EXTRASEA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","award":["junior postdoctoral fellowship (12ZQ420N)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["junior postdoctoral fellowship (12ZQ420N)"]}]},{"name":"European Commission activated under the PON &quot;Research and Innovation&quot; 2014-2020, Action I.2 &quot;Researchers' Mobility&quot;","award":["D.D. 407 of 02.27.2018 - AIM \"Attraction and International Mobility\"-Line 2 \u201cResearchers\u2019 Attraction\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D.D. 407 of 02.27.2018 - AIM \"Attraction and International Mobility\"-Line 2 \u201cResearchers\u2019 Attraction\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, novel asymmetric integral cation exchange membranes were prepared by the wet phase inversion of sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf) solutions. SPSf with different degrees of sulfonation (DS) was synthesized by variation in the amount of chlorosulfonic acid utilized as a sulfonating agent. The characterization of SPSf samples was performed using FTIR and 1H-NMR techniques. SPSf with a DS of 0.31 (0.67 meq\/g corresponding ion exchange capacity) was chosen to prepare the membranes, as polymers with a higher DS resulted in poor mechanical properties and excessive swelling in water. By a systematic study, the opportunity to tune the properties of SPSf membranes by acting on the composition of the polymeric solution was demonstrated. The effect of two different phase inversion parameters, solvent type and co-solvent ratio, were investigated by morphological and electrochemical characterization. The best properties (permselectivity of 0.86 and electrical resistance of 6.3 \u2126\u2219cm2) were obtained for the membrane prepared with 2-propanol (IPA):1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) in a 20:80 ratio. This membrane was further characterized in different solution concentrations to estimate its performance in a Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) operation. Although the estimated generated power was less than that of the commercial CMX (Neosepta) membrane, used as a benchmark, the tailor-made membrane can be considered as a cost-effective alternative, as one of the main limitations to the commercialization of RED is the high membrane price.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Tuning the Electrochemical Properties of Novel Asymmetric Integral Sulfonated Polysulfone Cation Exchange Membranes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5504-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Halil","family":"Avci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci CUBO 45A, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2218-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Van Goethem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Technology Group (MTG), Division cMACS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timon","family":"Rijnaarts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Science &amp; Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci CUBO 45A, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci CUBO 45A, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8317-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Di Profio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council (ITM-CNR), Via P. Bucci CUBO 17C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo F. J.","family":"Vankelecom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Technology Group (MTG), Division cMACS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiebe M.","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Science &amp; Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2506-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrica","family":"Fontananova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council (ITM-CNR), Via P. Bucci CUBO 17C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efrem","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci CUBO 45A, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/10601326908053798","article-title":"Thin Film Dialysis Including Counter-Current Dialysis","volume":"3","author":"Craig","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(96)00282-7","article-title":"Highly effective electrodialysis for selective elimination of nitrates from drinking water","volume":"127","author":"Kesore","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Membr. 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