{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:59:26Z","timestamp":1768723166280,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internal Grant Agency of Palack\u00fd University in Olomouc, Czech Republic","award":["IGA_PrF_2020_021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA_PrF_2020_021"]}]},{"name":"The Czech Grant Agency","award":["20-15621S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-15621S"]}]},{"name":"The European Regional Development Fund - Project ENOCH","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000868"]}]},{"name":"student grant from Palack\u00fd University\u2019s Endowment Fund","award":["2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokinins are adenine-based phytohormones that regulate key processes in plants, such as cell division and differentiation, root and shoot growth, apical dominance, branching, and seed germination. In preliminary studies, they have also shown protective activities against human neurodegenerative diseases. To extend knowledge of the protection (protective activity) they offer, we investigated activities of natural cytokinins against salsolinol (SAL)-induced toxicity (a Parkinson\u2019s disease model) and glutamate (Glu)-induced death of neuron-like dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. We found that kinetin-3-glucoside, cis-zeatin riboside, and N6-isopentenyladenosine were active in the SAL-induced PD model. In addition, trans-, cis-zeatin, and kinetin along with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) and the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin 1 (NEC-1) significantly reduced cell death rates in the Glu-induced model. Lactate dehydrogenase assays revealed that the cytokinins provided lower neuroprotective activity than DFO and NEC-1. Moreover, they reduced apoptotic caspase-3\/7 activities less strongly than DFO. However, the cytokinins had very similar effects to DFO and NEC-1 on superoxide radical production. Overall, they showed protective activity in the SAL-induced model of parkinsonian neuronal cell death and Glu-induced model of oxidative damage mainly by reduction of oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1610482291000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cytokinin Plant Hormones Have Neuroprotective Activity in In Vitro Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8196-878X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, \u0160lechtitel\u016f 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, CZ-775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Gr\u00faz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, \u0160lechtitel\u016f 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cosimo Walter","family":"D\u2019Acunto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, \u0160lechtitel\u016f 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Ka\u0148ovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, CZ-775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Strnad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, \u0160lechtitel\u016f 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, CZ-775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","article-title":"The Emerging Evidence of the Parkinson Pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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