{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:12:33Z","timestamp":1771045953323,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"City of Graz","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"inVITA - Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Gesundheit unserer Kinder","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Verein fuer Kinderchirurgie an der Medizinischen Universitaet Graz","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to analyze the exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile, airway microbiome, lung function and exercise performance in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients compared to healthy age and sex-matched controls. A total of nine patients (median age 9 years, range 6\u201313 years) treated for CDH were included. Exhaled VOCs were measured by GC\u2013MS. Airway microbiome was determined from deep induced sputum by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Patients underwent conventional spirometry and exhausting bicycle spiroergometry. The exhaled VOC profile showed significantly higher levels of cyclohexane and significantly lower levels of acetone and 2-methylbutane in CDH patients. Microbiome analysis revealed no significant differences for alpha-diversity, beta-diversity and LefSe analysis. CDH patients had significantly lower relative abundances of Pasteurellales and Pasteurellaceae. CDH patients exhibited a significantly reduced Tiffeneau Index. Spiroergometry showed no significant differences. This is the first study to report the VOCs profile and airway microbiome in patients with CDH. Elevations of cyclohexane observed in the CDH group have also been reported in cases of lung cancer and pneumonia. CDH patients had no signs of impaired physical performance capacity, fueling controversial reports in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T23:01:28Z","timestamp":1611702088000},"page":"645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Volatile Organic Compounds, Bacterial Airway Microbiome, Spirometry and Exercise Performance of Patients after Surgical Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4611-9934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"Warncke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4770-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Windhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Schabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Friehs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram","family":"Miekisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6201-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Gierschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8755-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Klymiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Molecular Biology, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Eber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Zeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Pfleger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Oberm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Till","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20618","article-title":"Lung tissue mechanics predict lung hypoplasia in a rabbit model for congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"42","author":"Flemmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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