{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:57:24Z","timestamp":1792907844432,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant, genotoxic, and cytotoxic potentialities of phyto-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. aqueous leaf extract. The UV-visible spectral analysis of the ZnO-NPs showed an absorption peak at 304 nm with a bandgap energy of 3.54 eV, which are characteristics of zinc nanoparticles. Moreover, the particles were of nano-size (~24.26 nm) with 88.11% purity and were agglomerated as observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The phyto-fabricated ZnO-NPs offered radical scavenging activity (RSA) in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.45 mg mL\u22121. In addition, the genotoxicity studies of ZnO-NPs carried out on onion root tips revealed that the particles were able to significantly inhibit the cell division at the mitotic stage with a mitotic index of 39.49%. Further, the cytotoxic studies on HT-29 cells showed that the phyto-fabricated ZnO-NPs could arrest the cell division as early as in the G0\/G1 phase (with 92.14%) with 73.14% cells showing early apoptotic symptoms after 24 h of incubation. The results of the study affirm the ability of phyto-fabricated ZnO-NPs from aqueous leaf extract of I. obscura is beneficial in the cytotoxic application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Phyto-Fabricated from the Obscure Morning Glory Plant Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2284-344X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahadevamurthy","family":"Murali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Anandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar 563101, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6122-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Azam","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Alzohairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad N.","family":"Alomary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Mousa Maadi","family":"Asiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1491-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Almatroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Thriveni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Thally Road, TVS Nagar, Hosur 635109, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudarshana Brijesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hittanahallikoppal Gajendramurthy","family":"Gowtham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Aiyaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrashekar","family":"Srinivasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asna","family":"Urooj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kestur Nagaraj","family":"Amruthesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.02.008","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Polygala tenuifolia root extract","volume":"146","author":"Nagajyothi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.10.020","article-title":"Phyto-fabricated ZnO nanoparticles from Canthiumdicoccum (L.) for antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis and antioxidant activity","volume":"89","author":"Mahendra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2012.11.015","article-title":"Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against bacterial and fungal pathogens","volume":"22","author":"Gunalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, L., Kharissova, O., and Kharisov, B. (2018). Green Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, and Their Various Applications. Handbook of Ecomaterials, Springer International Publishing AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48281-1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-019-01669-7","article-title":"Bioactive and Biocompatible Nature of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Simaroubaglauca DC.: An Endemic Plant to Western Ghats, India","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, M.A., Murali, M., Nagabhushana, H., Alzohairy, M.A., Almatroudi, A., Alomary, M.N., Udayashankar, A.C., Singh, S.B., Asiri, S.M.M., and Ashwini, B.S. (2020). Cinnamomumverum Bark Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Potentiality. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020336"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.043","article-title":"Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Jacaranda mimosifolia flowers extract: Synergistic antibacterial activity and molecular simulated facet specific adsorption studies","volume":"162","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.02.027","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Ceropegia candelabrum L.\u2014An endemic species","volume":"179","author":"Murali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anandan, S., Murali, M., Ansari, M.A., Alzohairy, M.A., Alomary, M.N., FarhaSiraj, S., HaluguddeNagaraja, S., Chikkamadaiah, M., ThimappaRamachandrappa, L., and Krishnappa, N.K.H. (2019). Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs from Morusindica Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Protein Glycation and RBC Damage: In-Vitro, In-Vivo and Molecular Docking Study. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120882"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2014.12.023","article-title":"Green synthesis of multifunctional zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Cassia fistula plant extract and their photodegradative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities","volume":"31","author":"Suresh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.07.054","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticle and bovine serum albumin interaction and nanoparticles influence on cytotoxicity in vitro","volume":"135","author":"Snitka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.07.051","article-title":"Antibacterial and antimitotic potential of bio-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles of Cochlospermumreligiosum (L.)","volume":"110","author":"Mahendra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101024","article-title":"Antimitotic and DNA-binding potential of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs from leaf extract of Justiciawynaadensis (Nees) Heyne\u2014A medicinal herb","volume":"18","author":"Krishnappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101364","article-title":"Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using radish root extract for effective wound dressing agents for diabetic foot ulcers in nursing care","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"218","article-title":"Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Phyllanthusembilica stem extract and their antibacterial activity","volume":"8","author":"Joel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1489265","article-title":"Antioxidant and anticancer activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of tubers of Puerariatuberosa","volume":"46","author":"Satpathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40089-015-0171-6","article-title":"Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano-sized spherical particles using Terminaliachebula fruits extract for their photocatalytic applications","volume":"6","author":"Rana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"289","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Seed Extract of Murrayakoenigii and their antimicrobial activity against Some Human Pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Sundaraselvan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026033392534","article-title":"Biodynamic constituents in the Mexican morning glories: Purgative remedies transcending boundaries","volume":"3","author":"Bah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(95)00226-X","article-title":"Determination of carotenoids in Chinese vegetables","volume":"56","author":"Wills","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204-017-0018-7","article-title":"Phytoextract-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L).R. br revealing its biological properties and photocatalytic activity","volume":"2","author":"Venkateasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity by disturbing the nucleotide excision repair pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines","volume":"63","author":"Selvakumaran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0040-x","article-title":"Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1021\/cg500699z","article-title":"Reactivity of Crystalline ZnO Superstructures against Fungi and Bacterial Pathogens: Synthesized Using Nerium oleander Leaf Extract","volume":"14","author":"Lakshmeesha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.08.022","article-title":"Rambutan peels promoted biomimetic synthesis of bioinspired zinc oxide nanochains for biomedical applications","volume":"137","author":"Yuvakkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s40195-016-0380-7","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Extracts of Allium sativum, Rosmarinusofficinalis and Ocimumbasilicum","volume":"29","author":"Stan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Met. Sin. Engl. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/925494","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Revolutionizing Agriculture: Synthesis and Applications","volume":"2014","author":"Sabir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.153480","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and antioxidant, antimitotic, and antiproliferative activities of Trichodesmaindicum shoot","volume":"34","author":"Tapadiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anc. Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e00157","article-title":"Evaluation of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using scutellariabaicalensis root","volume":"6","author":"Tettey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Use of the tetrazolium assay in measuring the response of human tumor cells to ionizing radiation","volume":"50","author":"Price","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S186888","article-title":"Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Albizialebbeck stem bark, and evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities on human breast cancer cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Umar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles incorporated in mesoporous silica","volume":"76","author":"Vaja","year":"2014","journal-title":"UPB Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9054","article-title":"Anticancer drug targets: Cell cycle and checkpoint control","volume":"104","author":"Shapiro","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2478\/s11535-006-0001-y","article-title":"Correlation of the cytotoxic activity of four different alkaloids, from Chelidoniummajus (greater celandine), with their DNA intercalating properties and ability to induce breaks in the DNA of NK\/Ly murine lymphoma cells","volume":"1","author":"Kaminskyy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00384-3","article-title":"Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis","volume":"45","author":"Saraste","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.7.2207","article-title":"Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages","volume":"148","author":"Fadok","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Annexin V-affinity assay: A review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure","volume":"31","author":"Nieland","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cytom. J. Int. Soc. Anal. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"423287","article-title":"ZnO Nanoparticles Treatment Induces Apoptosis by Increasing Intracellular ROS Levels in LTEP-a-2 Cells","volume":"2015","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6521","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S140071","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis and autophagy in human ovarian cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.038","article-title":"Laurusnobilis leaf extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: Characterization and biomedical applications","volume":"84","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.10.003","article-title":"Role of the dissolved zinc ion and reactive oxygen species in cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"199","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/4\/891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:21:25Z","timestamp":1760160085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/4\/891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26040891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26040891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]}}}