{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:39:30Z","timestamp":1790667570229,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have the potential to enhance the systemic availability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or reduce its toxicity through uptake of the SLNs from the gastrointestinal tract or controlled release of the API, respectively. In both aspects, the responses of the lipid matrix to external challenges is crucial. Here, we evaluate the effects of lyophilization on key responses of 1:1 beeswax\u2013theobroma oil matrix SLNs using three model drugs: amphotericin B (AMB), paracetamol (PAR), and sulfasalazine (SSZ). Fresh SLNs were stable with sizes ranging between 206.5\u2013236.9 nm. Lyophilization and storage for 24 months (4\u20138 \u00b0C) caused a 1.6- and 1.5-fold increase in size, respectively, in all three SLNs. Zeta potential was &gt;60 mV in fresh, stored, and lyophilized SLNs, indicating good colloidal stability. Drug release was not significantly affected by lyophilization up to 8 h. Drug release percentages at end time were 11.8 \u00b1 0.4, 65.9 \u00b1 0.04, and 31.4 \u00b1 1.95% from fresh AMB-SLNs, PAR-SLNs, and SSZ-SLNs, respectively, and 11.4 \u00b1 0.4, 76.04 \u00b1 0.21, and 31.6 \u00b1 0.33% from lyophilized SLNs, respectively. Thus, rate of release is dependent on API solubility (AMB &lt; SSZ &lt; PAR). Drug release from each matrix followed the Higuchi model and was not affected by lyophilization. The above SLNs show potential for use in delivering hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T02:08:12Z","timestamp":1613268492000},"page":"908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Lyophilized Drug-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated with Beeswax and Theobroma Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1389-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilda","family":"Amekyeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8496-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nashiru","family":"Billa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(97)00150-1","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery\u2014Drug release and release mechanism","volume":"45","author":"Schwarz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. 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