{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:41:47Z","timestamp":1792003307920,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Launaea nudicaulis is used in folk medicine worldwide to treat several diseases. The present study aimed to assess the antidiabetic activity of L. nudicaulis ethanolic extract and its effect on diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. The extract was orally administrated at 250 and 500 mg\/kg\/day for 5-weeks and compared to glibenclamide as a reference drug at a dose of 5 mg\/kg\/day. Administration of the extract exhibited a potential hypoglycemic effect manifested by a significant depletion of serum blood glucose concurrent with a significant elevation in serum insulin secretion. After 5-weeks, extract at 250 and 500 mg\/kg\/day decreased blood glucose levels by about 53.8 and 68.1%, respectively, compared to the initial values (p \u2264 0.05). The extract at the two dosages prevented weight loss of rats from the 2nd week till the end of the experiment, compared to diabetic control rats. The extract further exhibited marked improvement in diabetic complications including liver, kidney and testis performance, oxidative stress, and relative weight of vital organs, with respect to diabetic control. Histopathological examinations confirmed the previous biochemical analysis, where the extract showed a protective effect on the pancreas, liver, kidney, and testis that degenerated in diabetic control rats. To characterize extract composition, UPLC-ESI\u2013qTOF-MS identified 85 chromatographic peaks belonging to flavonoids, phenolics, acyl glycerols, nitrogenous compounds, and fatty acids, with four novel phenolics reported. The potential anti-diabetic effect warrants its inclusion in further studies and or isolation of the main bioactive agent(s).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T02:08:12Z","timestamp":1613268492000},"page":"1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Chemical Profile of Launaea nudicaulis Ethanolic Extract and Its Antidiabetic Effect in Streptozotocin-Induced Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Samah A.","family":"El-Newary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif M.","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9547-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7068-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania F.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2435-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd El-Nasser G.","family":"El Gendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Abd-ElGawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo P.B. 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, School of Sciences &amp; Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelbaset M.","family":"Elgamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry of Microbial and Natural Products, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3302-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelsamed I.","family":"Elshamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107840","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: A review of studies utilising retinal photography on the global prevalence of diabetes related retinopathy between 2015 and 2018","volume":"157","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1333.050","article-title":"Protective role of antioxidative food factors in oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia","volume":"1043","author":"Osawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9764","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16119764","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of polyphenols from burs of Castanea mollissima Blume","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2017.11.005","article-title":"In-vivo hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of Tagetes lucida alcoholic extract in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic Wistar albino rats","volume":"62","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.00937.x","article-title":"Diabetic rat testes: Morphological and functional alterations","volume":"41","author":"Ricci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"98","article-title":"Morphological evaluation of testis tissue of rats in various time points after diabetes type 1 induction","volume":"5","author":"Haghparast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152970","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of Cyperus alternifolius in relation to its UPLC-MS metabolite fingerprint: A mechanistic study","volume":"62","author":"Farrag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3166","article-title":"Essential oil composition and antimicrobial screening of Launaea nudicaulis grown in Oman","volume":"2","author":"Akhtar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3512","article-title":"Interspecific variation, antioxidant and allelopathic activity of the essential oil from three Launaea species growing naturally in heterogeneous habitats in Egypt","volume":"34","author":"Elshamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-1978(94)90089-2","article-title":"Key antifungal, antibacterial and anti-insect assays\u2014A critical review","volume":"22","author":"Cole","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.18311\/jbc\/2017\/15910","article-title":"Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Launaea nudicaulis and Farsetia hamiltonii","volume":"31","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2012.09.004","article-title":"New bioactive natural products from Launaea nudicaulis","volume":"5","author":"Saleem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"369","article-title":"Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: A review","volume":"2","author":"Chauhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Der Pharm. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"67","article-title":"Phytochemical and biological studies on Launaea Cass. genus (Asteraceae) from Algerian Sahara","volume":"11","author":"Cheriti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"30","article-title":"The effect of aqueous extract of Launaea acanthodes (Boiss.) O. Kuntze on the serum level of insulin and blood glucose and histomorphological changes of pancreas in diabetic rats","volume":"19","author":"Rahbarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Feyz J. Kashan Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7259146","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7259146","article-title":"The ethnopharmacological and nutraceutical relevance of Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey","volume":"2018","author":"Adinortey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-108650","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive effects of a Cressa cretica aqueous extract","volume":"83","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.03.023","article-title":"The protection of Thymus vulgaris leaves alcoholic extract against hepatotoxicity of alcohol in rats","volume":"10","author":"Shaffie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2012.08.009","article-title":"Measurement and modelling of static dielectric constants of aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol and acetic acid at T = 293.15 K and 91.3 kPa","volume":"57","author":"Amiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.09.014","article-title":"Phenols and antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of propolis from Algarve, South of Portugal","volume":"48","author":"Miguel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"301","article-title":"Macro-microscopic and LCMS markers for identification and authentication of herbal formulations of Taraxacum officinale and Launaea procumbens","volume":"8","author":"Sahu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.10.004","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of procaine and para-aminobenzoic acid by LC\u2013MS\/MS method","volume":"847","author":"Dhananjeyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1365\/s10337-010-1611-0","article-title":"Simple LC\u2013MS determination of citric and malic acids in fruits and vegetables","volume":"72","author":"Flores","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2348","article-title":"Isolation of coumarins and coumarin glucoside from Launaea resedifolia","volume":"18","author":"Rhouati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"11","article-title":"Chemical profiles of three varieties of germinated rice based on LC-MS and their antioxidant activity","volume":"7","author":"Pramai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Appl. Biosci. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6340","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034587n","article-title":"Structural identification of nonvolatile dimerization products of glucosamine by gas chromatography\u2212 mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography\u2212 mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis","volume":"51","author":"Jun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201701439","article-title":"Development of a liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of five isoflavonoids and seven neurochemicals in rat brain dialysate and its application to a pharmacological study","volume":"41","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"18","article-title":"Evaluation of the nutritional qualities of the leaves of Parquetina nigrescens, Launaea taraxacifolia and Solanum nigrum","volume":"5","author":"Odukoya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.03.012","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analyses of nucleosides and nucleobases in Ganoderma spp. by HPLC\u2013DAD-MS","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-017-2023-6","article-title":"Bioguided chemical characterization of the antiproliferative fraction of edible pseudo bulbs of Malaxis acuminata D. Don by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/15257771003741372","article-title":"Analysis of purine in purine-rich cauliflower","volume":"29","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.09.083","article-title":"Identification of the phenolic components of chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat)","volume":"120","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.06.039","article-title":"LC\u2013MS metabolic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana plant leaves and cell cultures: Optimization of pre-LC\u2013MS procedure parameters","volume":"871","author":"Storme","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.07.005","article-title":"Mass spectrometric behavior of phenolic acids standards and their analysis in the plant samples with LC\/ESI\/MS system","volume":"967","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-010-0259-y","article-title":"Novel aspects of grape berry ripening and post-harvest withering revealed by untargeted LC-ESI-MS metabolomics analysis","volume":"7","author":"Toffali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-6-43","article-title":"Assessment of flavonoids contents and in vitro antioxidant activity of Launaea procumbens","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5691","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0204102","article-title":"Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC\u2212DAD\u2212MS\u2212MS","volume":"50","author":"Cantos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.035","article-title":"Increase in insulin sensitivity by the association of chicoric acid and chlorogenic acid contained in a natural chicoric acid extract (NCRAE) of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) for an antidiabetic effect","volume":"215","author":"Ferrare","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00687-6","article-title":"Evaluation of in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic attributes of methanolic extract of Launaea spinosa","volume":"28","author":"Asif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.01.058","article-title":"Effect of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) extract on anti-browning of fresh-cut potato slices during storage","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikowska, M., Kruszka, D., Derda, M., Hada\u015b, E., and Thiem, B. (2020). Phytochemical screening and acanthamoebic activity of shoots from in vitro cultures and in vivo plants of Eryngium alpinum L.\u2014The endangered and protected species. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061416"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AN01561K","article-title":"UHPLC UHD Q-TOF MS\/MS analysis of the impact of sulfur fumigation on the chemical profile of Codonopsis Radix (Dangshen)","volume":"139","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1021\/jf050046h","article-title":"Discriminating between the six isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acid by LC-MS n","volume":"53","author":"Clifford","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5","article-title":"Isolation of flavonoid constituent from Launaea procumbens Roxb. by preparative HPTLC method","volume":"2","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"91","article-title":"Flavonoid constituents from Algerian Launaea resedifolia (OK) and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"4","author":"Moussaoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos, K.X., Dias, C.N., Nascimento, Y.M., Da Silva, M.S., Langassner, S.M.Z., Wessjohann, L.A., and Tavares, J.F. (2017). Identification of phenolic compounds from Hancornia speciosa (Apocynaceae) leaves by uhplc orbitrap-hrms. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010143"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2013.07.003","article-title":"Metabolomics driven analysis of artichoke leaf and its commercial products via UHPLC\u2013q-TOF-MS and chemometrics","volume":"95","author":"Farag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D087429","article-title":"An LC-MS\/MS workflow to characterize 16 regio-and stereoisomeric trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids","volume":"59","author":"Fuchs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(00)00400-3","article-title":"LC-MS for the identification of oxygen heterocyclic compounds in citrus essential oils","volume":"24","author":"Dugo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2019.02.009","article-title":"Metabolomics driven analysis of 11 Portulaca leaf taxa as analysed via UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS and chemometrics","volume":"161","author":"Farag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00767A","article-title":"A biochemometric approach for the assessment of Phyllanthus emblica female fertility effects as determined via UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS and GC-MS","volume":"10","author":"Khaled","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2012.680440","article-title":"Lipoxygenase inhibitory sphingolipids from Launaea nudicaulis","volume":"14","author":"Riaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.05.029","article-title":"Iotrochamides A and B, antitrypanosomal compounds from the Australian marine sponge Iotrochota sp","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.41","article-title":"Flavonoids: An overview","volume":"5","author":"Panche","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Clerc, A.-C., Gori, I., Russell, R., Pellegrini, C., Govender, L., Wyss, J.-C., Golshayan, D., and Canny, G.O. (2014). Lipoxin A 4 prevents the progression of de novo and established endometriosis in a mouse model by attenuating prostaglandin E 2 production and estrogen signaling. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089742"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snoch, W., St\u0119pie\u0144, K., Prajsnar, J., Staro\u0144, J., Szaleniec, M., and Guzik, M. (2019). Influence of chemical modifications of polyhydroxyalkanoate-derived fatty acids on their antimicrobial properties. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9060510"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2174\/187152012800228661","article-title":"Ceramide and apoptosis: Exploring the enigmatic connections between sphingolipid metabolism and programmed cell death","volume":"12","author":"Mullen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706777584960","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from the South China Sea invertebrates: Chemistry and biological activity","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belitz, H.-D., Grosch, W., and Schieberle, P. (2004). Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins. Food Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07279-0"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2020.100029","article-title":"Launea taraxacifolia leaf partitions ameliorates alloxan-induced pathophysiological complications via antioxidant mechanisms in diabetic rats","volume":"6","author":"Gbadmosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab. Open"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR2014.5662","article-title":"Ameliorative potentials of medicinal plants on the pathophysiological complications of diabetes mellitus: A review","volume":"9","author":"Adeyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"340","article-title":"Efecto Protector de la Goma Ar\u00e1biga\/Insulina Contra los Cambios Histol\u00f3gicos en los Test\u00edculos de Ratas Diab\u00e9ticas","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.007260","article-title":"Effect of experimental diabetes and STZ on male fertility capacity. Study in rats","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"623","article-title":"The ultrastructural changes of the sertoli and leydig cells following streptozotocin induced diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Kianifard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0956-4","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates detrimental effects of diabetes on the niche of mouse spermatogonial stem cells by maintaining Leydig cells","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12302","article-title":"Cisplatin-induced testicular dysfunction and its amelioration by Launaea taraxacifolia leaf extract","volume":"47","author":"Adejuwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-103","article-title":"Protective effects of Launaea procumbens on rat testis damage by CCl4","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6021209","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6021209","article-title":"Phytomedicines used for diabetes mellitus in Ghana: A systematic search and review of preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"2019","author":"Adinortey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL-Ishaq, R.K., Abotaleb, M., Kubatka, P., Kajo, K., and B\u00fcsselberg, D. (2019). Flavonoids and their anti-diabetic effects: Cellular mechanisms and effects to improve blood sugar levels. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090430"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i3.456","article-title":"Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Tangvarasittichai","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1425","article-title":"\u03b2-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: Postulated mechanisms and prospects for prevention and treatment","volume":"99","author":"Halban","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11052056","article-title":"Antioxidant protective effect of glibenclamide and metformin in combination with honey in pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"11","author":"Erejuwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233713475503","article-title":"Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation and hyperglycemia in rat: A novel study","volume":"31","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"315","article-title":"Terpenoids from Juniperus procera with hepatoprotective activity","volume":"25","author":"Alqasoumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"327","article-title":"Hepatoprotective, therapeutic and in vivo anti-oxidant activities of Tagetes lucida leaves alcoholic extract against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rats","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. PharmTech Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"237","article-title":"Chemical composition variations, allelopathic, and antioxidant activities of Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) Nesom essential oils growing in heterogeneous habitats","volume":"13","author":"Elshamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.15","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols as antidiabetic agents: Advances and opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5528","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of simple phenolic acids: A comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Vinayagam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.08.033","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects pro-inflammatory cytokine induced injuries in insulin-producing cells through the mitochondrial pathway","volume":"670","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1021\/np070358+","article-title":"Insulinomimetic effect of kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside on the rat soleus muscle","volume":"71","author":"Zanatta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20191099","article-title":"Nobiletin exerts anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro human model and in vivo murine model of gestational diabetes","volume":"134","author":"Salomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.01.007","article-title":"Effect of tangeretin, a polymethoxylated flavone on glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"21","author":"Sundaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-98","article-title":"Role of ceramide in diabetes mellitus: Evidence and mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Galadari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt: Verbenaceae\u2014Compositae, Al Hadara Publishing."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Tackholm, V. (1974). Students Flora of Egypt, Cairo University. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"OECD (1996). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No. 423: Acute Oral Toxicity\u2014Acute Toxic Class Method, OECD."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.04.004","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana seeds kernel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats","volume":"43","author":"Ravi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.36545","article-title":"Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology","volume":"39","author":"Ghosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"20","article-title":"Comparative acute toxicity studies of selected indigenous herbal plants in Swiss albino mice","volume":"11","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6758","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB12.512","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cissampelos owariensis (lungwort) on alloxan induced diabetic rats","volume":"11","author":"Ekeanyanwu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"842","article-title":"Ketamine and xylazine for surgical anesthesia in rats","volume":"171","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/20.4.470","article-title":"Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol","volume":"20","author":"Allain","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1207","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol","volume":"437","author":"Naito","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/28.10.2077","article-title":"Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide","volume":"28","author":"Fossati","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.62.1688","article-title":"Effects of soy milk and bifidobacterium fermented soy milk on lipid metabolism in aged ovariectomized rats","volume":"62","author":"Onodera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Henry, R. (1964). Clinical Chemistry. Principles and Techniques, Harper & Row, Publishers."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(71)90365-2","article-title":"Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green","volume":"31","author":"Doumas","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/15.10.931","article-title":"Application of a continuous spectrophotometric assay for 5\u2019nucleotidase activity in normal subjects and patients with liver and bone disease","volume":"15","author":"Belfield","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/28.1.56","article-title":"A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases","volume":"28","author":"Rettman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Reinhold, J.G. (1953). Standard Methods in Clinical Chemistry, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/25.2.336a","article-title":"Simplified enzymic\/colorimetric serum urea nitrogen determination","volume":"25","author":"Tabacco","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/17.12.1154","article-title":"Automated determination of uric acid, with use of a uricase\u2014Peroxidase system","volume":"17","author":"Gochman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Tietz, N.W. (1976). Colorimetric detemination of creatinine. Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Saunders. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(80)90139-6","article-title":"Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine","volume":"106","author":"Griffith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"258","article-title":"Glutathione reductase","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Bergmeyer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Methods of Enzymatic Analysis"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"158","article-title":"Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase","volume":"70","author":"Paglia","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferases the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50881-X","article-title":"A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase","volume":"195","author":"Beers","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Suvarna, K.S., Layton, C., and Bancroft, J.D. (2008). Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Elsevier. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.04.097","article-title":"Metabolites profiling of Ziziphus leaf taxa via UHPLC\/PDA\/ESI-MS in relation to their biological activities","volume":"293","author":"Sakna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/4\/1000\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:23:53Z","timestamp":1760160233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/4\/1000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26041000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26041000","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]}}}