{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:16:52Z","timestamp":1788959812484,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHD\/0092\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/0092\/2560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative pathogen of melioidosis and this bacterium is resistant to several antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an interesting agent to develop to solve this bacterial resistance. Here, we characterize and assess the antimelioidosis activity of AgNPs against these pathogenic bacteria. AgNPs were characterized and displayed a maximum absorption band at 420 nm with a spherical shape, being well-monodispersed and having high stability in solution. The average size of AgNPs is 7.99 \u00b1 1.46 nm. The antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs was evaluated by broth microdilution. The bactericidal effect of AgNPs was further assessed by time-kill kinetics assay. Moreover, the effect of AgNPs on the inhibition of the established biofilm was investigated by the crystal violet method. In parallel, a study of the resistance induction development of B. pseudomallei towards AgNPs with efflux pump inhibiting effect was performed. We first found that AgNPs had strong antibacterial activity against both susceptible and ceftazidime-resistant (CAZ-resistant) strains, as well as being efficiently active against B. pseudomallei CAZ-resistant strains with a fast-killing mode via a bactericidal effect within 30 min. These AgNPs did not only kill planktonic bacteria in broth conditions, but also in established biofilm. Our findings first documented that the resistance development was not induced in B. pseudomallei toward AgNPs in the 30th passage. We found that AgNPs still showed an effective efflux pump inhibiting effect against these bacteria after prolonged exposure to AgNPs at sublethal concentrations. Thus, AgNPs have valuable properties for being a potent antimicrobial agent to solve the antibiotic resistance problem in pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1613292836000},"page":"1004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Tannic Acid-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Used in Biomedical Application as an Effective Antimelioidosis and Prolonged Efflux Pump Inhibitor against Melioidosis Causative Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oranee","family":"Srichaiyapol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saengrawee","family":"Thammawithan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawinee","family":"Siritongsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawinee","family":"Nasompag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Instrument Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakda","family":"Daduang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sompong","family":"Klaynongsruang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2411-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirinan","family":"Kulchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rina","family":"Patramanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2014.11.001","article-title":"Neurological melioidosis in Norway presenting with a cerebral abscess","volume":"2","author":"Hesstvedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1632835","article-title":"D-LL-31 in combination with ceftazidime synergistically enhances bactericidal activity and biofilm destruction inBurkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"35","author":"Wongkaewkhiaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of LL-37 and its truncated variants against Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"39","author":"Kanthawong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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