{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:59:34Z","timestamp":1778749174558,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytogenetic analysis is essential to determine the effect of mutagens and antimutagens on genetic material. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of root bark extract of Morus alba (M. alba) against cyclophosphamide induced somatic and germinal cell damage in male rats. The ethanolic extract of M. alba (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g\/kg, 2 weeks) was evaluated against cyclophosphamide (75 mg\/kg, single dose) induced nuclear damage. The sampling was done after 48 h of the clastogen treatment. The somatic and germinal nuclear damage was studied by bone marrow micronucleus and sperm analysis, respectively. Serum superoxide and catalase levels were estimated to determine the antioxidant status in each group. The results were analyzed statistically to find the significant variation. The administration of M. alba for 2 weeks suppressed dose-dependently the changes induced by cyclophosphamide. M. alba (0.5 g\/kg) decreased the frequency of micronucleated erythrocyte, sperm shape abnormality and enhanced the sperm count, sperm motility and polychromatic-normochromatic erythrocytes ratio significantly (p &lt; 0.05) in comparison with the cyclophosphamide treated group. The highest tested dose of M. alba (1 g\/kg) produced more prominent suppression (p &lt; 0.01) in the cyclophosphamide-induced somatic and germinal cell defects. The results also showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) improvement in the serum antioxidant enzymes levels with M. alba when compared with the challenge group. The lower dose of M. alba extract (0.25 g\/kg) prevented the CP-induced changes but was found to be statistically insignificant. Therefore, antimutagenic potential of the high dose of the extract of M. alba is possibly due to its antioxidant nature. The ability of the M. alba extract to prevent the nuclear damage could play an important role in overcoming several mutational defects that are associated with anticancer chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T06:47:20Z","timestamp":1614322040000},"page":"1266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Morus alba Prevented the Cyclophosphamide Induced Somatic and Germinal Cell Damage in Male Rats by Ameliorating the Antioxidant Enzyme Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560027, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6344-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Imam","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560027, India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin","family":"Asdaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Mohzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alrashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Administration, Inpatient Department, Main Hospital, KFMC, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamdan","family":"Najib Alajami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awad","family":"Othman Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Ali Al Mushtawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majed","family":"Sultan Alenazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakan","family":"Fahad Alamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulmajead","family":"Khalid Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00261-3","article-title":"Cytogenetic studies on the effect of feeding mice with stored wheatgrains treated with malathion","volume":"513","author":"Amer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s41021-016-0044-x","article-title":"The micronucleus test\u2014most widely used in vivo genotoxicity test","volume":"38","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2000.00390.x","article-title":"Spermatogenesis and mutagenicity of environmental hazards: Extrapolation of genetic risk from mouse to man","volume":"32","author":"Adler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12913","article-title":"T-cell modulation by cyclophosphamide for tumour therapy","volume":"154","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.03.015","article-title":"Astaxanthin inhibits cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide in mice germ cells","volume":"248","author":"Triphaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"45","article-title":"Protective effect of liposomal formulation of tuftsin (a naturally occurring tetrapeptide) against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice","volume":"46","author":"Arif","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00322-X","article-title":"Antioxidant role of mulberry (Morusindica L.cv. Anantha) leaves in streptozoticin-diabetic rats","volume":"338","author":"Andallu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-200","article-title":"Antiinflammatory and anti-cancer activity of mulberry (Morusalba L.) root bark","volume":"14","author":"EO","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3233\/JBR-130045","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and polyphenol composition of black mulberry (Morusnigra L.) products","volume":"3","author":"Kamiloglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"17","article-title":"Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical trials of Morus alba","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.4.729","article-title":"Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves and their major flavonol quercetin 3-(6-malonylglucoside) attenuate atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"135","author":"Enkhmaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1309535","article-title":"Two new phenolic constituents from the root bark of Morus alba L. and their cardioprotective activity","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2003.09.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morus alba, L.; Morusmongolica Schneider, Broussnetiapapyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophoraflavescens Ait and Echinosophorakoreensis Nakai","volume":"11","author":"Sohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.004","article-title":"Evaluation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and inhibitory effect on acute inflammation of an ethanol extract of Morus alba L. (Moraceae) in mice","volume":"194","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01805.x","article-title":"New cancer treatment strategy using combination of green tea catechins and anticancer drugs","volume":"102","author":"Suganuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.94505","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation in Wistar Rat Treated with Acrylamide","volume":"19","author":"Rahangadale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gev043","article-title":"Estimating the carcinogenic potency of chemicals from the in vivo micronucleus test","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2016.07.001","article-title":"Antigenotoxic effects of a polyherbal drug septilin against the genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in mice","volume":"3","author":"Shruthi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1744-x","article-title":"Euphorbia dracunculoides L. abrogates carbon tetrachloride induced liver and DNA damage in rats","volume":"17","author":"Batool","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00345-6","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid and L-methionine on lead induced oxidative stress to the liver, kidney and brain in rats","volume":"162","author":"Patra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705362","article-title":"Protective effects of curcumin against amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats","volume":"139","author":"Punithavathi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/371517","article-title":"A genomic approach to study anthocyanin synthesis and flower pigmentation in passion flowers","volume":"2011","author":"Aizza","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Acids"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9940","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052137k","article-title":"Phenolic antioxidants (hydrolyzable tannins, flavonols, and anthocyanins) identified by LC-ESI-MS and M. AlbaLDI-QIT-TOF MS from Rosa chinensis flowers","volume":"53","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.03.013","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of Egyptian Morusalba root bark extract: Effect on diabetes and lipid peroxidation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"100","author":"Singab","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093311","article-title":"Fetal Cyclophosphamide Exposure Induces Testicular Cancer and Reduced Spermatogenesis and Ovarian Follicle Numbers in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Comish","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.64531","article-title":"Protective role of glibenclamide against nicotinamide-streptozotocin induced nuclear damage in diabetic Wistar rats","volume":"1","author":"Rabbani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"43","article-title":"Toxic Effects of 5-Fluorouracil on Sperm Count in Wistar Rats","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1278453","article-title":"Therapeutic and fertility restoration effects of Ionidiumsuffruticosum on sub-fertile male albino Wistar rats: Effects on testis and caudal spermatozoa","volume":"55","author":"Chenniappan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/5\/1266\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:29:19Z","timestamp":1760160559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/5\/1266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26051266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26051266","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}