{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:20:15Z","timestamp":1783970415065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Sciene Foundation","award":["20-64-46027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-64-46027"]}]},{"name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH","award":["Technology Transfer Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Technology Transfer Fund"]}]},{"name":"Impuls und Vernetzungs-Fonds der Helmholtzgemeinschaft","award":["Portfolio Drug Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portfolio Drug Research"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterised by selective neuronal death in the brain stem and spinal cord. The cause is unknown, but an increasing amount of evidence has firmly certified that neuroinflammation plays a key role in ALS pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders and has been implicated as driver of disease progression. Here, we describe a treatment study demonstrating the therapeutic potential of a tandem version of the well-known all-d-peptide RD2 (RD2RD2) in a transgenic mouse model of ALS (SOD1*G93A). Mice were treated intraperitoneally for four weeks with RD2RD2 vs. placebo. SOD1*G93A mice were tested longitudinally during treatment in various behavioural and motor coordination tests. Brain and spinal cord samples were investigated immunohistochemically for gliosis and neurodegeneration. RD2RD2 treatment in SOD1*G93A mice resulted not only in a reduction of activated astrocytes and microglia in both the brain stem and lumbar spinal cord, but also in a rescue of neurons in the motor cortex. RD2RD2 treatment was able to slow progression of the disease phenotype, especially the motor deficits, to an extent that during the four weeks treatment duration, no significant progression was observed in any of the motor experiments. Based on the presented results, we conclude that RD2RD2 is a potential therapeutic candidate against ALS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1615765926000},"page":"1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Novel Anti-Inflammatory d-Peptide Inhibits Disease Phenotype Progression in an ALS Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Post","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Kogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Schaffrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5360-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. Jon","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, JARA, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"JARA-Brain-Translational Medicine, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1101-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl-Josef","family":"Langen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Willbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje","family":"Willuweit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0271-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Kutzsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450043345308","article-title":"Cytokines in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Cacquevel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. 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