{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:15:38Z","timestamp":1792811738418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unprotected exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may damage the DNA of skin cells and can lead to skin cancer. Sunscreens are topical formulations used to protect skin against UVR. The active ingredients of sunscreens are UV filters that absorb, scatter, and\/or reflect UVR. Preventing the formation of free radicals and repairing DNA damages, natural antioxidants are also added to sunscreens as a second fold of protection against UVR. Antioxidants can help stabilise these formulations during the manufacturing process and upon application on skin. However, UV filters and antioxidants are both susceptible to degradation upon exposure to sunlight and oxygen. Additionally, due to their poor water solubility, natural antioxidants are challenging to formulate and exhibit limited penetration and bioavailability in the site of action (i.e., deeper skin layers). Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that are capable of forming inclusion complexes with poorly soluble drugs, such as antioxidants. In this review, we discuss the use of CDs inclusion complexes to enhance the aqueous solubility of antioxidants and chemical UV filters and provide a protective shield against degradative factors. The role of CDs in providing a controlled drug release profile from sunscreens is also discussed. Finally, incorporating CDs inclusion complexes into sunscreens has the potential to increase their efficiency and hence improve their skin cancer prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T11:41:06Z","timestamp":1616067666000},"page":"1698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sunscreens Containing Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Enhanced Efficiency: A Strategy for Skin Cancer Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Layan","family":"Dahabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Broadberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Le Gresley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7670-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Najlah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research Group, School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishops Hall Lane, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouhamad","family":"Khoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2016.08.036","article-title":"Photo-Stability and Photo-Sensitizing Characterization of Selected Sunscreens\u2019 Ingredients","volume":"332","author":"Abid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunaway, S., Odin, R., Zhou, L., Ji, L., Zhang, Y., and Kadekaro, A.L. (2018). Natural Antioxidants: Multiple Mechanisms to Protect Skin From Solar Radiation. Front. Pharm., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00392"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Correlation between Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Activity, Phenol and Flavonoid Contents of Some Medicinal Plants","volume":"13","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"16","article-title":"The Role of Antioxidants in Cosmetic Products to Prevent Free Radical Damage in Skin-an Efficacy Study","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"EURO COSMETICS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2011.00654.x","article-title":"Review of Sunscreen and the Emergence of Non-conventional Absorbers and Their Applications in Ultraviolet Protection","volume":"33","author":"Morabito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09506.x","article-title":"Sun Protection Factors: World Wide Confusion","volume":"161","author":"Osterwalder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.07.004","article-title":"Photostability Evaluation of Five UV-Filters, Trans-Resveratrol and Beta-Carotene in Sunscreens","volume":"78","author":"Freitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)074<0401:POBMAA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Photostabilization of Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate by Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine (Tinosorb S), a New UV Broadband Filter","volume":"74","author":"Chatelain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"52","article-title":"Antioxidative Power of Formulations Over Life Time: Unique Active Superior than Vitamins","volume":"134","author":"Graf","year":"2008","journal-title":"SOFW J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8","article-title":"Create Lasting, Highly Effective Antioxidative Defence for the Skin","volume":"11","author":"Lefort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Househ. Pers. Care Today"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, S.B., Costa Duarte, F.\u00cd., Heimfarth, L., Siqueira Quintans, J.D.S., Quintans-J\u00fanior, L.J., da Veiga J\u00fanior, V.F., and Neves de Lima, \u00c1.A. (2019). Cyclodextrin\u2013Drug Inclusion Complexes: In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030642"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, S., Zhu, H., Wang, S., and Xing, J. (2019). Inclusion Complexes of Lycopene and \u03b2-Cyclodextrin: Preparation, Characterization, Stability and Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080314"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.20747","article-title":"Effect of Sunscreen Application on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"323","author":"Matta","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116654","article-title":"\u03b2-Cyclodextrin-Modified Hyaluronic Acid-Based Supramolecular Self-Assemblies for PH- and Esterase- Dual-Responsive Drug Delivery","volume":"246","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021, February 03). Physicochemical Basis of Pharmaceuticals: Amazon.Co.Uk: Moynihan, Humphrey, Crean, Abina: 9780199232840: Books. Available online: https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Physicochemical-Basis-Pharmaceuticals-Humphrey-Moynihan\/dp\/0199232849."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Defraeye, T., Bahrami, F., Ding, L., Malini, R.I., Terrier, A., and Rossi, R.M. (2020). Predicting Transdermal Fentanyl Delivery Using Mechanistic Simulations for Tailored Therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.585393"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2006.07.006","article-title":"Complexation of Quercetin with Three Kinds of Cyclodextrins: An Antioxidant Study","volume":"67","author":"Jullian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2021, February 17). Types|Skin Cancer|Cancer Research UK. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/skin-cancer\/types."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.01.040","article-title":"Encapsulation of Vanillin\/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex in Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanowebs: Prolonged Shelf-Life and High Temperature Stability of Vanillin","volume":"133","author":"Kayaci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1159\/000501732","article-title":"Skin Metabolism: Relevance of Skin Enzymes for Rational Drug Design","volume":"32","author":"Pyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ski. Pharm. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(02)00204-9","article-title":"Sources and Measurement of Ultraviolet Radiation","volume":"28","author":"Diffey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Gabros, S., Nessel, T.A., and Zito, P.M. (2020). Sunscreens and Photoprotection. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222","article-title":"UV Radiation and the Skin","volume":"14","author":"Jarrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"191","article-title":"Occupational Skin Diseases Caused by UV Radiation","volume":"15","author":"Gruber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.07.009","article-title":"Ex Vivo Evaluation of Radical Sun Protection Factor in Popular Sunscreens with Antioxidants","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-1001-3","article-title":"Skin Photoprotection by Natural Polyphenols: Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and DNA Repair Mechanisms","volume":"302","author":"Nichols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19981005)78:2<144::AID-IJC3>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Trends in the Incidence of Non-Melanocytic Skin Cancer (NMSC) Treated in Australia 1985\u20131995: Are Primary Prevention Programs Starting to Have an Effect?","volume":"78","author":"Staples","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.010","article-title":"Childhood Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation and Harmful Skin Effects: Epidemiological Evidence","volume":"107","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12807","article-title":"Early Life UV and Risk of Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"93","author":"Kricker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2009.080261","article-title":"Impact of Climate Change on Skin Cancer","volume":"102","author":"Bharath","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2021, February 17). Statistics by Cancer Type. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/melanoma-skin-cancer."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12540","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory\/Anti-Oxidant Activity of Ingredients of Sunscreen Products? Implications for SPF","volume":"41","author":"Kolbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000441037","article-title":"Investigation of Model Sunscreen Formulations Comparing the Sun Protection Factor, the Universal Sun Protection Factor and the Radical Formation Ratio","volume":"29","author":"Syring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ski. Pharm. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2478\/acs-2013-0014","article-title":"Current Problems in the Use of Organic UV Filters to Protect Skin from Excessive Sun Exposure","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Slovaca"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-82502013000200002","article-title":"Inorganic UV Filters","volume":"49","author":"Manaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngoc, L.T.N., Tran, V.V., Moon, J.-Y., Chae, M., Park, D., and Lee, Y.-C. (2019). Recent Trends of Sunscreen Cosmetic: An Update Review. Cosmetics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics6040064"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cutaneous Photoprotection: A Review of the Current Status and Evolving Strategies","volume":"93","author":"Suozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics1020128","article-title":"Influence of Titanium Dioxide Particle Size on the Photostability of the Chemical UV-Filters Butyl Methoxy Dibenzoylmethane and Ctocrylene in a Microemulsion","volume":"1","author":"Kockler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, S.K., and Gowder, S.J.T. (2015). Members of Antioxidant Machinery and Their Functions. Basic Principal Clinical Significance Oxidative Stress, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/61884"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2744","article-title":"Antioxidants and Their Characterization","volume":"4","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-010-9864-7","article-title":"On the Complexation of Quercetin with Methyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin: Photostability and Antioxidant Studies","volume":"70","author":"Carlotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000458158","article-title":"Radical-Scavenging Activity of a Sunscreen Enriched by Antioxidants Providing Protection in the Whole Solar Spectral Range","volume":"30","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01562","article-title":"Antioxidant Vitamin E\/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Electrospun Nanofibers: Enhanced Water Solubility, Prolonged Shelf Life, and Photostability of Vitamin E","volume":"65","author":"Celebioglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27986","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13315C","article-title":"Free Radicals, Natural Antioxidants, and Their Reaction Mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Nimse","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.004","article-title":"Photodegradation of Avobenzone: Stabilization Effect of Antioxidants","volume":"140","author":"Afonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2004.10.030","article-title":"Assays of Physical Stability and Antioxidant Activity of a Topical Formulation Added with Different Plant Extracts","volume":"37","author":"Fonseca","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorigo, M., and Cairr\u00e3o, E. (2019). Antioxidants as Stabilizers of UV Filters: An Example for the UV-B Filter Octylmethoxycinnamate. Biomed. Dermatol., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-019-0048-9"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105069","article-title":"Targeting Apoptosis and Autophagy Following Spinal Cord Injury: Therapeutic Approaches to Polyphenols and Candidate Phytochemicals","volume":"160","author":"Abbaszadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.05.017","article-title":"The Leaf Extract of Mallotus Japonicus and Its Major Active Constituent, Rutin, Suppressed on Melanin Production in Murine B16F1 Melanoma","volume":"5","author":"Taira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201019666180209165523","article-title":"Rutin and Its Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes: Physico-Chemical Evaluation and in Vitro Activity on B164A5 Murine Melanoma Cell Line","volume":"18","author":"Corina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.11.037","article-title":"Non-Covalent Inclusion of Ferulic Acid with \u03b1-Cyclodextrin Improves Photo-Stability and Delivery: NMR and Modeling Studies","volume":"46","author":"Anselmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12073","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00277","article-title":"Improvement of the Solubility and Evaluation of the Physical Properties of an Inclusion Complex Formed by a New Ferulic Acid Derivative and \u03b3-Cyclodextrin","volume":"5","author":"Ikeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Chen, R., Fu, R., Xiong, J., and Hu, Y. (2011). Cytotoxicity and Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation Activity of Resveratrol\/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes. J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem., 73.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-011-0058-8"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2001.2388","article-title":"Efficiency and Mechanism of the Antioxidant Action of Trans-Resveratrol and Its Analogues in the Radical Liposome Oxidation","volume":"391","author":"Sprinz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OyetakinWhite, P., Tribout, H., and Baron, E. (2012). Protective Mechanisms of Green Tea Polyphenols in Skin. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/560682"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.07.104","article-title":"An Investigation into the Supramolecular Structure, Solubility, Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Rutin\/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex","volume":"136","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10940","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500081p","article-title":"Review: A History of Cyclodextrins","volume":"114","author":"Crini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duch\u00eane, D. (2011). Cyclodextrins and Their Inclusion Complexes. Cyclodextrins in Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics, and Biomedicine, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470926819.ch1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said Suliman, A., Khoder, M., Tolaymat, I., Webster, M., Alany, R.G., Wang, W., Elhissi, A., and Najlah, M. (2021). Cyclodextrin Diethyldithiocarbamate Copper II Inclusion Complexes: A Promising Chemotherapeutic Delivery System against Chemoresistant Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010084"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.05.061","article-title":"Effect of HP-\u03b2-Cyclodextrins Complexation on the Antioxidant Activity of Flavonols","volume":"118","author":"Fortea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.14723\/tmrsj.38.681","article-title":"The Inclusion Complex Formation of Epigallocatechin Gallate in \u03b3-Cyclodextrin and Its Effect on the Antioxidant Activity","volume":"38","author":"Mamenzigou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01279.x","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Applications of Cyclodextrins: Effects on Drug Permeation through Biological Membranes","volume":"63","author":"Loftsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.07.080","article-title":"Characterisation of Inclusion Complex of Trans-Ferulic Acid and Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.04.020","article-title":"Characterization of in Vitro and in Vivo Bioactivity of a Ferulic Acid-2-Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex","volume":"180","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.03.098","article-title":"Molecular Model and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of a Water-Soluble and Stable Phloretin\/Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex","volume":"236","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheirsilp, B., and Rakmai, J. (2017). Inclusion Complex Formation of Cyclodextrin with Its Guest and Their Applications. Biol. Eng. Med., 2.","DOI":"10.15761\/BEM.1000108"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ06228A","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Phloretin by Complexation with Cyclodextrins","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.10.331","article-title":"Inclusion of Trans-Resveratrol in Methylated Cyclodextrins: Synthesis and Solid-State Structures","volume":"10","author":"Trollope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-019-00970-2","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Baicalein\/Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Enhancement of Solubility, Antioxidant Activity and Antibacterial Activity Using Supercritical Antisolvent Technology","volume":"96","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2017.07.086","article-title":"Delivery Systems for Cosmetics\u2014From Manufacturing to the Skin of Natural Antioxidants","volume":"322","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.10.085","article-title":"Structural Base for Enzymatic Cyclodextrin Hydrolysis","volume":"385","author":"Buedenbender","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Perassinoto, N.L., Raponi, M.R.B., Shitara, J.L.Y., and Kumayama, T.M. (2014). Composition Comprising Cyclodextrin as Uv- and Ir-Radiation Screen Agent. (10,485,748), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.09.016","article-title":"Cutaneous Biocompatible Rutin-Loaded Gelatin-Based Nanoparticles Increase the SPF of the Association of UVA and UVB Filters","volume":"81","author":"Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1021\/js950534b","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Applications of Cyclodextrins. 1. Drug Solubilization and Stabilization","volume":"85","author":"Loftsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1021\/js960075u","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Applications of Cyclodextrins. 2. In Vivo Drug Delivery","volume":"85","author":"Rajewski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Rawashdeh, N.A.F., Al-Sadeh, K.S., and Al-Bitar, M.B. (2021, February 05). Inclusion Complexes of Sunscreen Agents with \u03b2-Cyclodextrin: Spectroscopic and Molecular Modeling Studies. Available online: https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jspec\/2013\/841409\/.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/841409"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.08.029","article-title":"Evaluation of the Photostability of Different UV Filter Combinations in a Sunscreen","volume":"307","author":"Gaspar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.01.016","article-title":"Complexation of the Sunscreen Agent, 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor with Cyclodextrins: Effect on Photostability and Human Stratum Corneum Penetration","volume":"44","author":"Scalia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.09.018","article-title":"Microencapsulation of a Cyclodextrin Complex of the UV Filter, Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane: In Vivo Skin Penetration Studies","volume":"54","author":"Scalia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(01)00761-X","article-title":"Cyclodextrins in Topical Drug Formulations: Theory and Practice","volume":"225","author":"Loftsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-005-9002-0","article-title":"Influence of Cyclodextrin Complexation on the in Vitro Human Skin Penetration and Retention of the Sunscreen Agent, Oxybenzone","volume":"54","author":"Simeoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1349089","article-title":"The Effect of Beta-Cyclodextrin on Percutaneous Absorption of Commonly Used Eusolex\u00ae Sunscreens","volume":"63","author":"Shokri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.03.026","article-title":"Use of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of Benzophenone-3-Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin and Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Percutaneous Penetration of Sunscreen","volume":"79","author":"Berbicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"3045","article-title":"Evaluation of Octyl P-Methoxycinnamate Included in Liposomes and Cyclodextrins in Anti-Solar Preparations: Preparations, Characterizations and in Vitro Penetration Studies","volume":"7","author":"Monteiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-004-6098-6","article-title":"Inclusion Complexation of the Sunscreen 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxy Benzophenone (Oxybenzone) with Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin: Effect on Membrane Diffusion","volume":"49","author":"Sarveiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.03.021","article-title":"Inclusion Complexes of \u03b2-Cyclodextrin-Dinitrocompounds as UV Absorber for Ballpoint Pen Ink","volume":"129","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-120027516","article-title":"Influence of Cyclodextrin Complexation on the In Vivo Photoprotective Effects of Oxybenzone","volume":"30","author":"Felton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.08.078","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as Encapsulation Agents for Plant Bioactive Compounds","volume":"101","author":"Pinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.04.004","article-title":"Resveratrol Encapsulation with Methyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Delivery Applications","volume":"63","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-017-6135-5","article-title":"Host\u2013Guest Inclusion Complex of Quercetin and Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin","volume":"130","author":"Serri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2016.01.002","article-title":"Inclusion of Chrysin in \u03b2-Cyclodextrin and Its Biological Activities","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.07.051","article-title":"Preparation and Stability of the Inclusion Complex of Astaxanthin with Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin","volume":"109","author":"Yuan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-009-9555-4","article-title":"Studies of CoQ10 and Cyclodextrin Complexes: Solubility, Thermo- and Photo-Stability","volume":"64","author":"Fir","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2016.04.033","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Hydrophilic C60(OH)10\/2-Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles as an Antioxidant","volume":"105","author":"Iohara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.11.012","article-title":"Inclusion Complex of Saikosaponin-d with Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin: Improved Physicochemical Properties and Anti-Skin Cancer Activity","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-C., Hu, S.C.-S., Huang, P.-H., Lin, T.-C., and Yen, F.-L. (2020). Electrospun Resveratrol-Loaded Polyvinylpyrrolidone\/Cyclodextrin Nanofibers and Their Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060552"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-006-9212-0","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as Cosmetic Delivery Systems","volume":"57","author":"Centini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.01.046","article-title":"Inclusion Complexes of Flavonoids with Propylenediamine Modified \u03b2-Cyclodextrin:Preparation, Characterization and Antioxidant","volume":"1183","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-016-0638-8","article-title":"Enhencemnet of Solubility and Photostability of Rutin by Complexation with \u03b2-Cyclodextrin and (2-Hydroxypropyl)-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin","volume":"86","author":"Savic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Qin, X., Zhong, S., Chen, S., Su, W., and Liu, Y. (2018). Characterization of Curcumin\/Cyclodextrin Polymer Inclusion Complex and Investigation on Its Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051179"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.08.019","article-title":"Analytical Characterization of a Ferulic Acid\/\u03b3-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex","volume":"40","author":"Anselmi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2010.05.030","article-title":"Inclusion of Chrysin in \u03b2-Cyclodextrin Nanocavity and Its Effect on Antioxidant Potential of Chrysin: A Spectroscopic and Molecular Modeling Approach","volume":"977","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012009","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/774\/1\/012009","article-title":"Preparation of PH-Sensitive \u03b2-Cyclodextrin Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Drug-Loading Propertie","volume":"Volume 774","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paczkowska, M., Mizera, M., Piotrowska, H., Szymanowska-Powa\u0142owska, D., Lewandowska, K., Goscianska, J., Pietrzak, R., Bednarski, W., Majka, Z., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2015). Complex of Rutin with \u03b2-Cyclodextrin as Potential Delivery System. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120858"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.02.036","article-title":"Physicochemical and Release Characterisation of Garlic Oil-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"117","article-title":"A Phase Solubility Technique","volume":"4","author":"HIGUCHI","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv. Anal. Chem. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA11619E","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Studies of Resveratrol, Methyl-Jasmonate and Cyclodextrin Interactions: An Approach to Resveratrol Bioproduction Optimization","volume":"8","author":"Oliva","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-006-9247-2","article-title":"The Complexation Efficiency","volume":"57","author":"Loftsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.459","article-title":"Influence of Response Factors on Determining Equilibrium Association Constants of Non-Covalent Complexes by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry","volume":"38","author":"Gabelica","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.10.241","article-title":"Effect of Cyclodextrin Complexation on Phenylpropanoids\u2019 Solubility and Antioxidant Activity","volume":"10","author":"Kfoury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.05.083","article-title":"Simple and Rapid Method for Cis- and Trans-Resveratrol and Piceid Isomers Determination in Wine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Chromolith Columns","volume":"1085","author":"Vian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-011-9609-y","article-title":"Permeation and Distribution of Ferulic Acid and Its \u03b1-Cyclodextrin Complex from Different Formulations in Hairless Rat Skin","volume":"12","author":"Monti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2015.01.058","article-title":"Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Cyclodextrin Complexes in the Solid State: A Review","volume":"113","author":"Mura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessine, F.B.T., Calderini, A., and Alexandrino, G.L. (2012). Review: Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes Probed by NMR Techniques. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc.","DOI":"10.5772\/32029"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Sandstr\u00f6m, C., Zhang, H., and Tan, T. (2016). NMR Study on the Inclusion Complexes of \u03b2-Cyclodextrin with Isoflavones. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21040372"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.10.044","article-title":"Cyclodextrins and Their Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"329","author":"Loftsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-018-00418-8","article-title":"Potential of Nanoparticulate Carriers for Improved Drug Delivery via Skin","volume":"49","author":"Zeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.09.018","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin on Topical Administration of Milk Thistle Extract","volume":"92","author":"Spada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/6\/1698\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:37:32Z","timestamp":1760161052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/6\/1698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26061698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26061698","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]}}}