{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:27:19Z","timestamp":1790731639639,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A dip-coating technique is designed for deposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from water\/2-propanol mixture, avoiding the use of traditional toxic solvents. Solutions of PMMA macromolecules with high molecular weight (MW) are obtained for a water\/2-propanol ratio of 0.15\u20130.33 and the solubilization mechanism is discussed. The ability to use concentrated PMMA solutions and high MW of the polymer are the key factors for the successful dip coating deposition. The coating mass for 10 g L\u22121 polymer solutions shows a maximum at a water\/2-propanol ratio of 0.25. The deposition yield increases with the polymer concentration increase and with an increasing number of the deposited layers. PMMA deposits protect stainless steel from aqueous corrosion. The coating technique allows for the fabrication of composite coatings, containing flame-retardant materials (FRMs), such as commercial halloysite, huntite, hydrotalcite, and synthesized Al(OH)3, in the PMMA matrix. The FRM content in the coatings is modified by variation of the FRM content in colloidal suspensions. A fundamentally new method is developed, which is based on the salting out aided dispersive extraction of Al(OH)3 from the aqueous synthesis medium to 2-propanol. It is based on the use of hexadecylphosphonic acid molecules as extractors. The method offers advantages of reduced agglomeration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1617186273000},"page":"1974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Coatings Containing Flame Retardant Additives from Suspensions in Water-2-Propanol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xuelin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadman","family":"Sakib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritch","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Ceramics Corporation, 2536 Bristol Circle, Oakville, ON L6H5S1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Zhitomirsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2015.1031377","article-title":"A review of the properties and applications of poly (methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)","volume":"55","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2008.09.002","article-title":"New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: From fundamentals to nanocomposites","volume":"63","author":"Laoutid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2020.178545","article-title":"Detailed kinetic analysis of slow and fast pyrolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-Flame retardant mixtures","volume":"687","author":"Korobeinichev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1021\/es203287x","article-title":"Fate of brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides in urban soil: Volatility and degradation","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.09.041","article-title":"Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: The Canadian High Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"161","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.05.039","article-title":"Colloidal-electrochemical fabrication strategies for functional composites of linear polyethylenimine","volume":"552","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2018.09.017","article-title":"Halloysite nanotubes as smart flame retardant and economic reinforcing materials: A review","volume":"669","author":"Goda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.07.007","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of polyacrylic acid and composite films containing nanotubes and oxide particles","volume":"362","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2019.01.033","article-title":"Preparation, release and anticorrosion behavior of a multi-corrosion inhibitors-halloysite nanocomposite","volume":"718","author":"Xuteng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s41779-019-00387-7","article-title":"Production and characterization of the halogen-free and nanostructured flame retardant reinforced composite coatings","volume":"56","author":"Yildirim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aust. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-018-7378-5","article-title":"Effect of reactive and nonreactive surface modifications and compatibilizer use on mechanical and flame-retardant properties of linear low-density polyethylene filled with huntite and hydromagnesite mineral","volume":"134","author":"Savas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01817-5","article-title":"Production and Characterization of Green Flame Retardant Poly(lactic acid) Composites","volume":"28","author":"Erdem","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.06.097","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of flame retardant polymer\u2013huntite coatings","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"96","article-title":"Facile preparation of an efficient flame retardant and its application in ethylene vinyl acetate","volume":"168","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.115891","article-title":"Fabrication of green alginate-based and layered double hydroxides flame retardant for enhancing the fire retardancy properties of polypropylene","volume":"234","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.02.032","article-title":"Ultrafine hydrotalcite particles prepared with novel technology to improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene","volume":"108","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2016.10.038","article-title":"Novel multi-component flame retardant system based on nanoscopic aluminium-trihydroxide (ATH)","volume":"305","author":"Elbasuney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2733","article-title":"A study of the flame-retardant properties of polypropylene\/Al(OH)3\/Mg(OH)2 composites","volume":"59","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2018.09.005","article-title":"New developments in liquid-liquid extraction, surface modification and agglomerate-free processing of inorganic particles","volume":"261","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(87)90360-0","article-title":"Alcohol-water cosolvent systems for poly (methyl methacrylate)","volume":"28","author":"Cowie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1071\/CH10083","article-title":"Solubility and thermoresponsiveness of PMMA in alcohol-water solvent mixtures","volume":"63","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.003","article-title":"Polymers with upper critical solution temperature behavior in alcohol\/water solvent mixtures","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(98)00074-3","article-title":"Cathodic electrophoretic deposition of diamond particles","volume":"37","author":"Zhitomirsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(98)00124-4","article-title":"Formation of hollow fibers by electrophoretic deposition","volume":"38","author":"Zhitomirsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2018.05.016","article-title":"Investigation of chemical changes in PMMA induced by 1.6 MeV He+ irradiation by ion beam analytical methods (RBS-ERDA) and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)","volume":"450","author":"Szoboszlai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14870","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA11245A","article-title":"Effective solvent-free oxidation of cyclohexene to allylic products with oxygen by mesoporous etched halloysite nanotube supported Co2+","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12439","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13562A","article-title":"Establishment of transport channels with carriers for water in reverse osmosis membrane by incorporating hydrotalcite into the polyamide layer","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.447","article-title":"Separation of isopropanol from aqueous solution by salting-out extraction","volume":"76","author":"Zhigang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.5b00771","article-title":"Liquid\u2013liquid equilibrium of hydrophilic alcohols with three different salts of chloride: Experiment and correlation","volume":"61","author":"Khayati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2016.08.055","article-title":"Surface modification and electrophoretic deposition of materials using carboxyalkylphosphonic acids","volume":"184","author":"Ata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.01.005","article-title":"Coating a polystyrene well-plate surface with synthetic hematite, goethite and aluminium hydroxide for cell mineral adhesion studies in a controlled environment","volume":"42","author":"Pouran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.09.083","article-title":"Defluoridation by freshly prepared aluminum hydroxides","volume":"175","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(01)00265-5","article-title":"Dehydration and structural development of mullite precursors: An FTIR spectroscopic study","volume":"21","author":"Beran","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7021084","article-title":"Silicate removal in aluminum hydroxide co-precipitation process","volume":"7","author":"Tokoro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.12.023","article-title":"Surface modification and dispersion of ceramic particles using liquid-liquid extraction method for application in supercapacitor electrodes","volume":"39","author":"Milne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.01.021","article-title":"Application of octanohydroxamic acid for liquid-liquid extraction of manganese oxides and fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes","volume":"515","author":"Milne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1039\/b000311p","article-title":"Electrochemical deposition of yttrium oxide","volume":"10","author":"Zhitomirsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2004.08.216","article-title":"Cathodic electrolytic deposition of zirconia films","volume":"195","author":"Pang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13549-z","article-title":"Unravelling the chemical influence of water on the PMMA\/aluminum oxide hybrid interface in situ","volume":"7","author":"Pletincx","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9157","DOI":"10.1021\/la900717k","article-title":"Adsorption of poly(methyl methacrylate) on concave Al2O3 surfaces in nanoporous membranes","volume":"25","author":"Nunnery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2007.04.082","article-title":"Morphology and specific interaction of PMMA coating with the surface of porous silicon","volume":"601","author":"Tighilt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.105543","article-title":"Polyurethane modified epoxy acrylate resins containing \u03b5-caprolactone unit","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progress Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.105853","article-title":"Synthesis of new semi-fluorinated polysilazanes and their amphiphobic coating applications","volume":"148","author":"Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.105783","article-title":"UV-thermal dual-cured polymers with degradable and anti-bacterial function","volume":"148","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2012.06.011","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of composite chitosan\u2013halloysite nanotube\u2013hydroxyapatite films","volume":"410","author":"Deen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.124382","article-title":"Sodium deoxycholate as a versatile dispersing and coating-forming agent: A new facet of electrophoretic deposition technology","volume":"588","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/7\/1974\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:33:18Z","timestamp":1760362398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/7\/1974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26071974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26071974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}}}