{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:02:16Z","timestamp":1790928136311,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB A1-S-15759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB A1-S-15759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanoparticles possess a huge potential to be employed in numerous biomedical purposes; their applications may include drug delivery systems, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. However, the in vivo use in biomedical applications requires that nanoparticles exhibit sterility. Thus, diverse sterilization techniques have been developed to remove or destroy microbial contamination. The main sterilization methods include sterile filtration, autoclaving, ionizing radiation, and nonionizing radiation. Nonetheless, the sterilization processes can alter the stability, zeta potential, average particle size, and polydispersity index of diverse types of nanoparticles, depending on their composition. Thus, these methods may produce unwanted effects on the nanoparticles\u2019 characteristics, affecting their safety and efficacy. Moreover, each sterilization method possesses advantages and drawbacks; thus, the suitable method\u2019s choice depends on diverse factors such as the formulation\u2019s characteristics, batch volume, available methods, and desired application. In this article, we describe the current sterilization methods of nanoparticles. Moreover, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these methods, pointing out the changes in nanoparticles\u2019 biological and physicochemical characteristics after sterilization. Our main objective was to offer a comprehensive overview of terminal sterilization processes of nanoparticles for biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26072068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"2068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Insights into Terminal Sterilization Processes of Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Bernal-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Del Prado-Audelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingenier\u00eda, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac H.","family":"Caballero-Flor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biof\u00edsica &amp; Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5145-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Giraldo-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Microscop\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8169-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Figueroa-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacogen\u00e9tica, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de Mexico 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio D.","family":"Reyes-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular del C\u00e1ncer, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Del Carmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Veracruzana, Mendoza 94740, VER, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3899-4410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maykel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACyT-Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7940-1100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Leyva-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.06.042","article-title":"Smart Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Boundaries and Opportunities","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. 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