{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:18:35Z","timestamp":1789417115014,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0428 (PC2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0428 (PC2)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present work, the properties of ZnO nanoparticles obtained using an eco-friendly synthesis (biomediated methods in microwave irradiation) were studied. Saponaria officinalis extracts were used as both reducing and capping agents in the green nanochemistry synthesis of ZnO. Inorganic zinc oxide nanopowders were successfully prepared by a modified hydrothermal method and plant extract-mediated method. The influence of microwave irradiation was studied in both cases. The size, composition, crystallinity and morphology of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDX microscopy. Tunings of the nanochemistry reaction conditions (Zn precursor, structuring agent), ZnO NPs with various shapes were obtained, from quasi-spherical to flower-like. The optical properties and photocatalytic activity (degradation of methylene blue as model compound) were also investigated. ZnO nanopowders\u2019 antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains to evidence the influence of the vegetal extract-mediated synthesis on the biological activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26072072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"2072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Obtained from Chemical versus Saponaria officinalis Extract-Mediated Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maria Antonia","family":"T\u0103nase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry Department, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8198-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Marinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Chemistry Department, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petruta","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry Department, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"R\u0103ducan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry Department, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalin Ionut","family":"Mihaescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Alexandrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9200-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Lavinia","family":"Nistor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6789-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza-Izabela","family":"Jinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Radiation Physics, National Institute for Lasers, Atomistilor Str. 409, 077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia Mara","family":"Di\u0163u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 60101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0624-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Petcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3317-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludmila Otilia","family":"Cinteza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry Department, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7042833","article-title":"Zinc Oxide\u2014From Synthesis to Application: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Jesionowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127489","article-title":"Al Doped Narcissus-like ZnO for Enhanced NO2 Sensing Performance: An Experimental and DFT Investigation","volume":"305","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.10.051","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis and Biomedical Applications","volume":"43","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Ahmad, M., and Sun, H. (2017). Three-Dimensional ZnO Hierarchical Nanostructures: Solution Phase Synthesis and Applications. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201710.0121.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11312","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201101274","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Colloidal Inorganic Nanocrystals","volume":"50","author":"Baghbanzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojnarowicz, J., Chudoba, T., and Lojkowski, W. (2020). A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061086"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2012.08.075","article-title":"XPS and Optical Studies of Different Morphologies of ZnO Nanostructures Prepared by Microwave Methods","volume":"39","author":"Radiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.02.007","article-title":"Synthesis of Morphology-Controlled ZnO Microstructures via a Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method and Their Gas-Sensing Property","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooshmand, S., Kargozar, S., Ghorbani, A., Darroudi, M., Keshavarz, M., Baino, F., and Kim, H.-W. (2020). Biomedical Waste Management by Using Nanophotocatalysts: The Need for New Options. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13163511"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.08.011","article-title":"Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO\/CuO Nanocomposite for the Degradation of Textile Dye on Visible Light Illumination","volume":"33","author":"Saravanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2013.02.023","article-title":"Comparative Study on Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Prepared by Different Methods","volume":"181","author":"Saravanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2018.11.007","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Photocatalysis and Antibacterial Activity of Ag Nanoparticles Supported on ZnO Flowers","volume":"126","author":"Phuruangrat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.03.067","article-title":"ZnO Flowers and Graphene Oxide Hybridization for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of O-Xylene in Water","volume":"212","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-018-03729-5","article-title":"Design and Tailoring of One-Dimensional ZnO Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes: A Review","volume":"45","author":"Samadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2019.01.017","article-title":"Rapid Ultrasonic-Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Spindle-like Ag\/ZnO Nanostructures and Their Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activities","volume":"339","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0040-x","article-title":"Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c01104","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Zn-Doped CuO Microparticles Decorated on Polydopamine against Sensitive and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Maruthapandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09382","article-title":"Hybrid Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications","volume":"15","author":"Seaberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9155","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b02266","article-title":"Insight into the Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity of ZnO: Surface Defects Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Even in the Dark","volume":"31","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00580","article-title":"ZnO Nanomaterials: Current Advancements in Antibacterial Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02893","article-title":"SDS-PAGE for Monitoring the Dissolution of Zinc Oxide Bactericidal Nanoparticles (Zinkicide) in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"5","author":"Untracht","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(20)65323-7","article-title":"Morphology Controlled Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for In-Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity","volume":"30","author":"Zubair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1021\/la5000028","article-title":"Influence of Aqueous Media on the ROS-Mediated Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles toward Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Escherichia Coli under UV-365 Irradiation","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-03418-6","article-title":"A Review on Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of ZnO: Mechanisms and Microscopic Investigation","volume":"15","author":"Abebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.0c00153","article-title":"Multifunctional Antibacterial Materials for the Control of Hazardous Microbes and Chemicals: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.01.008","article-title":"DNA Damaging Potential of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Epidermal Cells","volume":"185","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2007.06.025","article-title":"Crystal Structure Based Design of Functional Metal\/Protein Hybrids","volume":"101","author":"Ueno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1021\/es052069i","article-title":"In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Oxide Nanoparticles: Comparison to Asbestos, Silica, and the Effect of Particle Solubility","volume":"40","author":"Brunner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.3390\/ma5122850","article-title":"The Toxic Effects and Mechanisms of CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.01.004","article-title":"Controllable Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Morphology-Dependent Antibacterial and Optical Properties","volume":"120","author":"Talebian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121342","article-title":"Multibranched Flower-like ZnO Particles from Eco-Friendly Hydrothermal Synthesis as Green Antimicrobials in Agriculture","volume":"262","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"406","article-title":"A Review on Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles\u2014An Eco-Friendly Approach","volume":"3","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Effic. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.05.016","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Trifolium Pratense Flower Extract","volume":"23","author":"Dobrucka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9709","DOI":"10.1039\/C4DT03222E","article-title":"Biogenic Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Prospects toward Green Chemistry","volume":"44","author":"Adil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.03.008","article-title":"Mechanistic Study on Antibacterial Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Green Route","volume":"286","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111432","article-title":"An Astragalus Membranaceus Based Eco-Friendly Biomimetic Synthesis Approach of ZnO Nanoflowers with an Excellent Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Electrochemical Sensing Effect","volume":"118","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.5298","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Catalytic Zinc Oxide Nano-flowers and Their Bacterial Infection Therapy","volume":"34","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupa, E.J., Kaliraj, L., Abid, S., Yang, D.-C., and Jung, S.-K. (2019). Synthesis of a Zinc Oxide Nanoflower Photocatalyst from Sea Buckthorn Fruit for Degradation of Industrial Dyes in Wastewater Treatment. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121692"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469207","DOI":"10.1080\/23312009.2018.1469207","article-title":"Green Tea Leaves Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles and Its Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"4","author":"Irshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.12.035","article-title":"Limonia Acidissima L. Leaf Mediated Synthesis of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Activities","volume":"115","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055403","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aac05f","article-title":"Biomimetic Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Efficacy of ZnO and Au Nanoparticles Using Echinacea Flower Extract Precursor","volume":"5","author":"Attar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.01.004","article-title":"Green Synthesis of ZnO Hierarchical Microstructures by Cordia Myxa and Their Antibacterial Activity","volume":"26","author":"Saif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-016-0828-6","article-title":"Extract from the Roots of Saponaria Officinalis as a Potential Acaricide against Tetranychus Urticae","volume":"90","author":"Pavela","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.11.035","article-title":"Saponaria Officinalis L. Extract: Surface Active Properties and Impact on Environmental Bacterial Strains","volume":"150","author":"Zdarta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.12.046","article-title":"Saponaria Officinalis-Synthesized Silver Nanocrystals as Effective Biopesticides and Oviposition Inhibitors against Tetranychus Urticae Koch","volume":"97","author":"Pavela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8817110","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Green Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Antiproliferative Effects through Apoptosis Induction and MicroRNA Modulation in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"2020","author":"Aalami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.11.018","article-title":"Flower-Shaped ZnO Nanomaterials for Low-Temperature Operations in NOX Gas Sensors","volume":"46","author":"Nundy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b00147","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Carbon- and Silver-Modified Hierarchical ZnO with Excellent Solar Light Driven Photocatalytic Performance","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2035871","article-title":"Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Study of the Stimulated Emission in ZnO Nanoneedles","volume":"87","author":"Kwok","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-1975-1","article-title":"PH Dependent ZnO Nanostructures Synthesized by Hydrothermal Approach and Surface Sensitivity of Their Photoelectrochemical Behavior","volume":"2","author":"Sakata","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2011.04.005","article-title":"Characterizations of Octahedral Zinc Oxide Synthesized by Sonochemical Method","volume":"72","author":"Pholnak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.02.034","article-title":"Alkali-Dependent Synthesis of Flower-like ZnO Structures with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity via a Facile Hydrothermal Method","volume":"258","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.11.081","article-title":"Effects of NaOH on Formation of ZnO Nanorods from \u03b5-Zn(OH)2","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036826f","article-title":"Low Temperature Synthesis of Flowerlike ZnO Nanostructures by Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Assisted Hydrothermal Process","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.08.229","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical Flower-like ZnO Nanostructure and Its Enhanced Ethanol Gas-Sensing Properties","volume":"427","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldalbahi, A., Alterary, S., Ali Abdullrahman Almoghim, R., Awad, M.A., Aldosari, N.S., Fahad Alghannam, S., Nasser Alabdan, A., Alharbi, S., Ali Mohammed Alateeq, B., and Abdulrahman Al Mohsen, A. (2020). Greener Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Characterization and Multifaceted Applications. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184198"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/7\/2072\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:11:14Z","timestamp":1760364674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/7\/2072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26072072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26072072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]}}}