{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:56:25Z","timestamp":1774504585832,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-17-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-17-0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0241\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0241\/18"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ6\/00840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ6\/00840"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-finger toxins are naturally occurring proteins in Elapidae snake venoms. Nowadays, they are gaining popularity because of their therapeutic potential. On the other hand, these proteins may cause undesirable reactions inside the body\u2032s cells. A full assessment of the safety of Naja ashei venom components for human cell application is still unknown. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the exogenous application of three-finger toxins on the cells of monocytes (U-937) and promyelocytes (HL-60), with particular emphasis on the modification of their membranes under the influence of various doses of 3FTx protein fraction (0\u2013120 ng\/mL). The fraction exhibiting the highest proportion of 3FTx proteins after size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separation was used in the experiments. The structural response of cell membranes was described on the basis of single-component and multi-component Langmuir monolayers that mimicked the native membranes. The results show that the mechanism of protein\u2013lipid interactions depends on both the presence of lipid polar parts (especially zwitterionic type of lipids) and the degree of membrane saturation (the greatest-for unsaturated lipids). The biochemical indicators reflecting the tested cells (MDA, LDH, cell survival, induction of inflammation, LD50) proved the results that were obtained for the model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"2164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of 3FTx Protein Fraction from Naja ashei Venom on the Model and Native Membranes: Recognition and Implications for the Mechanisms of Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Dyba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6721-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Rudolphi-Szyd\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5210-2349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Barbasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3398-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Czy\u017cowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2723-3691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad Kamil","family":"Hus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Petrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041-81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"},{"name":"Zoological Department, Zoological Garden Ko\u0161ice, \u0160irok\u00e1 31, 040 06 Ko\u0161ice-Kave\u010dany, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Petrillov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Competencies, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041-81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Leg\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041-81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1907-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bocian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.13.199","article-title":"Fractionation of Habu Snake Venom by Chromatography on Cm-Cellulose with Special Reference to Biological Activities","volume":"13","author":"Ohsaka","year":"1960","journal-title":"Jpn. 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