{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:56:34Z","timestamp":1792432594643,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient antibiotics to cure Pseudomonas aeruginosa persistent infections are currently insufficient and alternative options are needed. A promising lead is to design therapeutics able to modulate key phenotypes in microbial virulence and thus control the progression of the infectious process without selecting resistant mutants. In this study, we developed a nanostructured system based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and eugenol, a natural plant-compound which has been previously shown to interfere with microbial virulence when utilized in subinhibitory concentrations. The obtained functional NPs are crystalline, with a spherical shape and 10\u201315 nm in size. The subinhibitory concentrations (MIC 1\/2) of the eugenol embedded magnetite NPs (Fe3O4@EUG) modulate key virulence phenotypes, such as attachment, biofilm formation, persister selection by ciprofloxacin, and the production of soluble enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the ability of functional magnetite NPs to modulate P. aeruginosa virulence and phenotypic resistance; our data highlights the potential of these bioactive nanostructures to be used as anti-pathogenic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"2189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Eugenol-Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles Modulate Virulence and Persistence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hamzah Basil","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad Mohsin I.","family":"Rayyif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Curutiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Catalina","family":"Birca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8145-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu-Cristian","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Mihai","family":"Grumezescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia-Mara","family":"Ditu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Gheorghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6098-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Carmen","family":"Chifiriuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigore","family":"Mihaescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina-Maria","family":"Holban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology &amp; Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, January 06). The Top 10 Causes of Death. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death#:~:text=The%20top%20global%20causes%20of,birth%20asphyxia%20and%20birth%20trauma%2C."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-09","article-title":"Antibacterial-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Impact and Complex Regulation of Chromosomally Encoded Resistance Mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Lister","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.065","article-title":"Antibiotics bioremediation: Perspectives on its ecotoxicity and resistance","volume":"124","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0559-6","article-title":"Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint","volume":"8","author":"Khameneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.68","article-title":"Plant-derived antimicrobial compounds: Alternatives to antibiotics","volume":"7","author":"Savoia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Gomes, D., Esteruelas, G., Bonilla, L., Lopez-Machado, A.L., Galindo, R., Cano, A., Espina, M., Ettcheto, M., and Camins, A. (2020). Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020292"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1039\/B916096E","article-title":"Antimicrobial natural products: An update on future antibiotic drug candidates","volume":"27","author":"Saleem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorlenko, C.L., Kiselev, H.Y., Budanova, E.V., Zamyatnin, A.A., and Ikryannikova, L.N. (2020). Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Battle of Drugs and Drug-Resistant Bacteria: New Heroes or Worse Clones of Antibiotics?. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040170"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8981","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19078981","article-title":"(APLE fabricated Fe3O4@Cinnamomum verum antimicrobial surfaces for improved gastrostomy tubes","volume":"19","author":"Anghel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"300","article-title":"Fe3O4@C18- carvone to prevent Candida tropicalis biofilm development","volume":"43","author":"Holban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rom. J. Mat."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"91","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus virulence patterns in the presence of some essential oils and their major compounds","volume":"2","author":"Saviuc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. NanobioSci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01837","article-title":"Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol and Carvacrol Reduce Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms and Modulate Expression of Select Genes and Proteins","volume":"10","author":"Wagle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.01938.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure","volume":"43","author":"Combes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-4-20","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of Eugenol and Cinnamaldehyde against the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori","volume":"4","author":"Ali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12710","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190812710","article-title":"Magnetite nanostructures as novel strategies for anti-infectious therapy","volume":"19","author":"Liakos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5951","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC104.951959","article-title":"The activation energy and antibacterial investigation of spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles prepared by Crocus sativus (Saffron) flowers","volume":"10","author":"Rajendrachari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC91.794799","article-title":"Optimization of the catalytic performance of Pd\/Fe3O4 nanoparticles prepared via microwave-assisted synthesis for pharmaceutical and catalysis applications","volume":"9","author":"Elazab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, S., Liang, L., and Veiseh, O. (2020). Recent Advancements of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020147"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00291-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00291-18","article-title":"Incidences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Associated Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia within Studies of Respiratory Tract Applications of Polymyxin: Testing the Stoutenbeek Concurrency Postulates","volume":"62","author":"Hurley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.07.021","article-title":"Current Knowledge and Future Directions in Developing Strategies to Combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection","volume":"432","author":"Dolan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2020.105418","article-title":"Dynamics and numerical simulations to predict empirical antibiotic treatment of multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"91","author":"Alcudia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulatio"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.44.277","article-title":"Synthesis of Ferrite Nanoparticles by Mechanochemical Processing Using a Ball Mill","volume":"44","author":"Todaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19045013","article-title":"Biocompatible Fe3O4 Increases the Efficacy of Amoxicillin Delivery against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Grumezescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115650","article-title":"Bacterial Persisters and Infection: Past, Present, and Progressing","volume":"73","author":"Bridget","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2013.03.023","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of PVPI-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an MRI contrast agent","volume":"340","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1396-3","article-title":"Virulence and resistance features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from chronic leg ulcers","volume":"16","author":"Georgescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"8843","article-title":"Virulence markers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from hospital acquired infections occurred in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease","volume":"18","author":"Holban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01917","article-title":"Generation of Persister Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus by Chemical Treatment and Evaluation of Their Susceptibility to Membrane-Targeting Agents","volume":"8","author":"Grassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0251","article-title":"Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems for fighting microbial biofilms: From bench to bedside","volume":"15","author":"Pircalabioru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1981.1061188","article-title":"Preparation of aqueous magnetic liquids in alkaline and acidic media","volume":"17","author":"Massart","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Satishchandra., B.O., Thirumalai, V.V., and Mark, G.B. (2013). Functional Metal Oxides: New Science and Novel Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. [1st ed.]. ISBN-13 978-3527331796."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.02.044","article-title":"Control of biofilm-associated infections by signaling molecules and nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Holban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04418","article-title":"Semisynthetic Phenol Derivatives Obtained from Natural Phenols: Antimicrobial Activity and Molecular Properties","volume":"66","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.04.006","article-title":"Synergistic interaction of eugenol with antibiotics against Gram negative bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Hemaiswarya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2017.1350655","article-title":"Eugenol exhibits anti-virulence properties by competitively binding to quorum sensing receptors","volume":"33","author":"Rathinam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-196","article-title":"Inhibitive Effect of Eugenol and Its Nanoemulsion on Quorum Sensing-Mediated Virulence Factors and Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"82","author":"Lou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05249.x","article-title":"Bistability in bacteria","volume":"61","author":"Dubnau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.163002","article-title":"Bistability, epigenetics, and bet-hedging in bacteria","volume":"62","author":"Veening","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frenkel, N., Saar Dover, R., Titon, E., Shai, Y., and Rom-Kedar, V. (2021). Bistable Bacterial Growth Dynamics in the Presence of Antimicrobial Agents. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010087"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Persisters, persistent infections and the Yin\u2013Yang model","volume":"3","author":"Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666140304103810","article-title":"New molecular strategies for reducing implantable medical devices associated infections","volume":"21","author":"Holban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malka, R., Shochat, E., and Rom-Kedar, V. (2010). Bistability and Bacterial Infections. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010010"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.573253","article-title":"Phenol-Soluble Modulins Modulate Persister Cell Formation in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"Baldry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.043","article-title":"Antimicrobial magnetic nanoparticles based-therapies for controlling infectious diseases","volume":"555","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32830f1dd5","article-title":"Novel strategies to combat bacterial virulence","volume":"14","author":"Lynch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00194","article-title":"Selective pressure of antibiotics on ARGs and bacterial communities in manure-polluted freshwater-sediment microcosms","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0483-z","article-title":"Selection for antimicrobial resistance is reduced when embedded in a natural microbial community","volume":"13","author":"Recker","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3013","article-title":"Anti-virulence strategies to combat bacteria-mediated disease","volume":"9","author":"Rasko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01203","article-title":"Synergism of Plant Compound With Traditional Antimicrobials Against Streptococcus spp. Isolated From Bovine Mastitis","volume":"9","author":"Maia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.12.022","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the synergism between extracts of Cocos nucifera husk and some standard antibiotics","volume":"7","author":"Akinyele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00816","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Combined With Naphthoquinones as an Effective Synergistic Strategy Against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Krychowiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S234425","article-title":"Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Metal Nanoparticles in Combination with Antibiotics Against Some Reference Strains of Pathogenic Microorganisms","volume":"13","author":"Mousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/8\/2189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:45Z","timestamp":1760362005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/8\/2189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26082189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26082189","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]}}}