{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:38:22Z","timestamp":1785886702582,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization and UEFISCDI","award":["16N\/08.02.2019 and PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-1264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16N\/08.02.2019 and PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-1264"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of different antimicrobial drugs in terrestrial, microgravity and hypergravity conditions is presented within this review, in connection with their implementation during human space exploration. Drug stability is of utmost importance for applications in outer space. Instabilities may be radiation-induced or micro-\/hypergravity produced. The antimicrobial agents used in space may have diminished effects not only due to the microgravity-induced weakened immune response of astronauts, but also due to the gravity and radiation-altered pathogens. In this context, the paper provides schemes and procedures to find reliable ways of fighting multiple drug resistance acquired by microorganisms. It shows that the role of multipurpose medicines modified at the molecular scale by optical methods in long-term space missions should be considered in more detail. Solutions to maintain drug stability, even in extreme environmental conditions, are also discussed, such as those that would be encountered during long-duration space exploratory missions. While the microgravity conditions may not be avoided in space, the suggested approaches deal with the radiation-induced modifications in humans, bacteria and medicines onboard, which may be fought by novel pharmaceutical formulation strategies along with radioprotective packaging and storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T11:05:06Z","timestamp":1618225506000},"page":"2221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Stability of Antimicrobial Drug Molecules in Different Gravitational and Radiation Conditions in View of Applications during Outer Space Missions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"\u00c1gota","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomi\u0219tilor 409, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomi\u0219tilor 405, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Smarandache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomi\u0219tilor 409, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4339-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicentiu","family":"Iancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomi\u0219tilor 405, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cHoria Hulubei\u201d National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Extreme Light Infrastructure\u2014Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), Reactorului 30, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1151-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihail Lucian","family":"Pascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomi\u0219tilor 409, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomi\u0219tilor 405, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2014.04.002","article-title":"Human Space Exploration\u2013From Surviving to Performing","volume":"100","author":"Bukley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081125","article-title":"The Space-Flight Environment: The International Space Station and Beyond","volume":"180","author":"Thirsk","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) (2021, March 05). 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