{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:59:06Z","timestamp":1791575946300,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered as a major cause of death worldwide. Therefore, identifying and developing therapeutic strategies to treat and reduce the prevalence of CVDs is a major medical challenge. Several drugs used for the treatment of CVDs, such as captopril, emerged from natural products, namely snake venoms. These venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive molecules, which, among other physiological networks, target the cardiovascular system, leading to them being considered in the development and design of new drugs. In this review, we describe some snake venom molecules targeting the cardiovascular system such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2), natriuretic peptides (NPs), bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), disintegrins, fibrinolytic enzymes, and three-finger toxins (3FTXs). In addition, their molecular targets, and mechanisms of action\u2014vasorelaxation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, cardioprotective activities\u2014are discussed. The dissection of their biological effects at the molecular scale give insights for the development of future snake venom-derived drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T11:05:06Z","timestamp":1618225506000},"page":"2223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Snake Venom Components: Tools and Cures to Target Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3413-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacinthe","family":"Frangieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"},{"name":"University Angers, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR6015, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Rima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Ge\u0301ne\u0301tique et de Biologie Mole\u0301culaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM, CNRS, Universite\u0301 de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad","family":"Fajloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1094-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Henrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Angers, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR6015, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Sabatier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine Secteur Nord, 51, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, Universite\u0301 Aix-Marseille, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, CEDEX 15, 13344 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Legros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Angers, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR6015, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2214-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Angers, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR6015, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04328","article-title":"Early Evolution of the Venom System in Lizards and Snakes","volume":"439","author":"Fry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mackessy, S.P. 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