{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:28:59Z","timestamp":1790443739082,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["765860 (Aquality)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["765860 (Aquality)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychoactive drugs are classified as contaminants of emerging concern but there is limited information on their fate in surface waters. Here, we studied the photodegradation of three psychoactive drugs (sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram) in the presence of organic matter (WEOM) extracted under mild conditions from sediment of Lake Pamvotis, Greece. Spectral characterization of WEOM confirmed its humic-like nature. Preliminary experiments using chemical probes showed that WEOM was able to produce oxidant triplet excited state (3WEOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals under irradiation with simulated solar light. Then, WEOM at 5 mgC L\u22121 was irradiated in the presence of the three drugs. It enhanced their phototransformation by a factor of 2, 4.2, and 16 for sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram, respectively. The drastic inhibiting effect of 2-propanol (5 \u00d7 10\u22123 M) on the reactions demonstrated that hydroxyl radical was the key intermediate responsible for drugs photodegradation. A series of photoproducts were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The photodegradation of the three drugs proceeded through several pathways, in particular oxidations of the rings with or without O atom inclusion, N elimination, and substitution of the halogen by OH. The formation of halogenated aromatics was observed for sertraline. To conclude, sedimental natural organic matter can significantly phototransform the studied antidepressant drugs and these reactions need to be more investigated. Finally, ecotoxicity was estimated for the three target analytes and their photoproducts, using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) computer program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T21:49:20Z","timestamp":1619300960000},"page":"2466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Holgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA-Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Sakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA-Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.09.021","article-title":"Psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the environment","volume":"77","author":"Calisto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.09.007","article-title":"Characterization of forced degradation products of clozapine by LC-DAD\/ESI-Q-TOF","volume":"131","author":"Komsta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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