{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:40:49Z","timestamp":1792132849998,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using natural products as antioxidant agents has been beneficial to replace synthetic products. Efforts have been made to profile the antioxidant capacities of natural resources, such as medicinal plants. The polyphenol content of Himalayan rhubarb, Rheum emodi wall, was measured and the antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH and ABTS+ assay, and the oxidative stress was assessed using SOD enzymatic assay. Five different solvent fractions, n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and water, were used for screening the antioxidant capacity in effort to determine the optimum extraction solvent. The total phenolic contents for R. emodi fractions ranged from 27.76 to 209.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)\/g of dry weight. DPPH and ABTS+ assay results are presented into IC50 values, ranged from 21.52 to 2448.79 \u03bcg\/mL and 90.25 to 1718.05 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity among other fractions. Also, n-butanol and water fractions showed significantly lower IC50 values than the positive control in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The IC50 values of SOD assay of fractions ranged from 2.31 to 64.78 \u03bcg\/mL. A similar result was observed with ethyl acetate fraction showing the highest SOD radical scavenging activity. The study suggests that the ethyl acetate fraction of R. emodi possess the strongest antioxidant activity, thus the most efficient in extracting antioxidant contents. Moreover, a highly significant correlation was shown between total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity screening assays. The compounds related to the antioxidant activity of R. emodi were identified to myricitrin, myricetin 3-galloyl rhamnoside, and myricetin, which have not been reported in studies about R. emodi before.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"2555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antioxidant Activity in Rheum emodi Wall (Himalayan Rhubarb)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sang Koo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Management Division, Seoul Regional Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul 07978, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Germinability, Productivity and economic viabillity of Rheum emodi wall. Ex Meissn cultivated at lower altitude","volume":"84","author":"Nautiyal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90697","article-title":"Phenolic inhibitors of chemical and enzymatic oxidation in the leaves of Myrica rubra","volume":"74","author":"Matsuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.03.083","article-title":"Phytoconstituents and therapeutic uses of Rheum emodi wall. Ex Meissn","volume":"128","author":"Zargar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajkumar, V., Guha, G., and Ashok Kumar, R. (2011). Antioxidant and Anti-Cancer Potentials of Rheum emodi Rhizome Extracts. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neq048"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1501\/Tarimbil_0000001113","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various extracts and fractions of fresh tea leaves and green tea","volume":"15","author":"Erol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tarim Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13164","article-title":"Chemical and sensory quality preservation in coated almonds with the addition of antioxidants","volume":"81","author":"Larrauri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"74","article-title":"Methanolic extracts of the rhizome of R.emodi act as bioenhancer of antibiotics against bacteria and fungi and antioxidant potential","volume":"8","author":"Rolta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112867","article-title":"Bioassay guided fractionation of rhizome extract of Rheum emodi wall as bio-availability enhancer of antibiotics against bacterial and fungal pathogens","volume":"257","author":"Rolta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2541","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and determination of antioxidant activity in callus and different parts of Rheum emodi Wall ex. Messin","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.08.004","article-title":"Influence of heat treatment on the antioxidant activities and polyphenolic compounds of Shitake (Lentinus endodes) mushroom","volume":"99","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (2015). Oxidative stress and redox regulation: Adaptation, damage, repair, senescence, and death. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198717478.003.0005"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgos-Mor\u00f3n, E., Abad-Jim\u00e9nez, Z., Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, A.M., Iannantuoni, F., Escribano-L\u00f3pez, I., L\u00f3pez-Dom\u00e8nech, S., Salom, C., Jover, A., Mora, V., and Roldan, I. (2019). Relationship Between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091385"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-4-526","article-title":"Oxygen radicals and human disease","volume":"107","author":"Cross","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"741","article-title":"Ethanol induced oxidative stress and membrane injury in rat erythrocytes","volume":"32","author":"Sozmen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Frei, B. (1994). Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(82)91107-X","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in oxidative hemolysis. A study of Fanconi\u2019s anemia erythrocytes","volume":"106","author":"Mavelli","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"675","article-title":"Oxidants and antioxidants on exercise","volume":"79","author":"Sen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, R., Navarro, G., and Mart\u00ednez-Pinilla, E. (2019). Antioxidants versus Food Antioxidant Additives and Food Preservatives. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110542"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Food additive safety: A review of toxicologic and regulatory issues","volume":"1","author":"Pressman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blando, F., Russo, R., Negro, C., De Bellis, L., and Frassinetti, S. (2019). Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity against Staphylococcus aureus of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cladode Polyphenolic Extracts. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050117"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, Q.U., Alhassan, A.M., Khatib, A., Shah, S.A.A., Hasan, M.M., and Sarian, M.N. (2018). Antiradical and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity Evaluations of Averrhoa bilimbi L. Leaves and Tentative Identification of Bioactive Constituents through LC-QTOF-MS\/MS and Molecular Docking Approach. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7100137"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dienaite, L., Pukalskiene, M., Pukalskas, A., Pereira, C.V., Matias, A.A., and Venskutonis, P.R. (2019). Isolation of Strong Antioxidants from Paeonia Officinalis Roots and Leaves and Evaluation of Their Bioactivities. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080249"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.03.024","article-title":"Radical scavenging and reducing properties of extracts of cashew shoot (Anacardium occidental)","volume":"111","author":"Razali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0100907","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia bark and heartwood","volume":"49","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.09.028","article-title":"The effect of different extraction solvents of varying polarities on polyphenols of Orthosiphon stamineus and evaluation of the free radical scavenging","volume":"93","author":"Akowuah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, Y., Wang, F., Li, Y., Liu, K., and Xu, H. (2012). Antioxidant activities of stilbenoids from Rhem emodi wall. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/603678"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"893","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and nitrite scavenging abilities of extracts from Ulmus devidianan","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"19","article-title":"Performulation studies of myricetin: A natural antioxidant flavonoid","volume":"69","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/1071576021000016463","article-title":"Interactions of flavonoids with iron and copper ions: A mechanism for their antioxidant activity","volume":"36","author":"Mira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0732-2","article-title":"Myricetin facilitates potassium currents and inhibits neuronal activity of PVN neurons","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1021\/jf072314c","article-title":"Online RP-HPLC-DPPH screening method for detection of radical-scavenging phytochemicals from flowers of Acacia confusa","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.01.030","article-title":"Myricitrin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated mice","volume":"230","author":"Rashed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Structure antioxidant activity relationship of flavonoid and phenolic acids","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.07.006","article-title":"Relative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs","volume":"106","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/9\/2555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:53:34Z","timestamp":1760162014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/9\/2555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26092555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26092555","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}