{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:00:54Z","timestamp":1785787254119,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space\u2013time continuum but the biological continuum, as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1620615298000},"page":"2784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6035-7990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Adamopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1205-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Koutsouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4625-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos","family":"Zaravinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8389-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George I.","family":"Lambrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon &amp; Levadeias 8, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-014-9382-5","article-title":"The Power of Crowding for the Origins of Life","volume":"44","author":"Hansma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orig. 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