{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T06:45:25Z","timestamp":1782369925067,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE 1098\/4-2 and SCHU 1960\/4-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE 1098\/4-2 and SCHU 1960\/4-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paratuberculosis is an important disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Early detection is crucial for successful infection control, but available diagnostic tests are still dissatisfying. Methods allowing a rapid, economic, and reliable identification of animals or herds affected by MAP are urgently required. This explorative study evaluated the potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to discriminate between cattle with and without MAP infections. Headspaces above fecal samples and alveolar fractions of exhaled breath of 77 cows from eight farms with defined MAP status were analyzed in addition to stable air samples. VOCs were identified by GC\u2013MS and quantified against reference substances. To discriminate MAP-positive from MAP-negative samples, VOC feature selection and random forest classification were performed. Classification models, generated for each biological specimen, were evaluated using repeated cross-validation. The robustness of the results was tested by predicting samples of two different sampling days. For MAP classification, the different biological matrices emitted diagnostically relevant VOCs of a unique but partly overlapping pattern (fecal headspace: 19, alveolar gas: 11, stable air: 4\u20135). Chemically, relevant compounds belonged to hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans, and aldehydes. Comparing the different biological specimens, VOC analysis in fecal headspace proved to be most reproducible, discriminatory, and highly predictive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26102854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T11:30:16Z","timestamp":1620732616000},"page":"2854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at \u2018Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut\u2019 (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6201-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Gierschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Albutec GmbH, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Klassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at \u2018Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut\u2019 (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Th\u00fcringer Tierseuchenkasse, Rindergesundheitsdienst (Thuringian Animal Health Fund, Cattle Health Service), Victor-Goerttler-Stra\u00dfe 4, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Kasbohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Stra\u00dfe 47, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen K.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram","family":"Miekisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at \u2018Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut\u2019 (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at \u2018Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut\u2019 (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Naumburger Stra\u00dfe 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71548-5","article-title":"Production effects of pathogens causing bovine leukosis, bovine viral diarrhea, paratuberculosis, and neosporosis","volume":"90","author":"Tiwari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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