{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:40:17Z","timestamp":1790836817657,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bottom-up nanoparticle (NP) formation is assumed to begin with the reduction of the precursor metallic ions to form zero-valent atoms. Studies in which this assumption was made are reviewed. The standard reduction potential for the formation of aqueous metallic atoms\u2014E0(Mn+aq\/M0aq)\u2014is significantly lower than the usual standard reduction potential for reducing metallic ions Mn+ in aqueous solution to a metal in solid state. E0(Mn+aq\/M0solid). E0(Mn+aq\/M0aq) values are negative for many typical metals, including Ag and Au, for which E0(Mn+aq\/M0solid) is positive. Therefore, many common moderate reduction agents that do not have significantly high negative reduction standard potentials (e.g., hydrogen, carbon monoxide, citrate, hydroxylamine, formaldehyde, ascorbate, squartic acid, and BH4\u2212), and cannot reduce the metallic cations to zero-valent atoms, indicating that the mechanism of NP production should be reconsidered. Both AgNP and AuNP formations were found to be multi-step processes that begin with the formation of clusters constructed from a skeleton of M+-M+ (M = Ag or Au) bonds that is followed by the reduction of a cation M+ in the cluster to M0, to form Mn0 via the formation of NPs. The plausibility of M+-M+ formation is reviewed. Studies that suggest a revised mechanism for the formation of AgNPs and AuNPs are also reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26102968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1621230313000},"page":"2968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Mechanism of Producing Metallic Nanoparticles, with an Emphasis on Silver and Gold Nanoparticles, Using Bottom-Up Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1674-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basil Raju","family":"Karimadom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3562-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haya","family":"Kornweitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275708","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/27\/275708","article-title":"Size effects on silver nanoparticles\u2019 properties","volume":"22","author":"Kiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9128","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5018168","article-title":"Size, shape, stability, and color of plasmonic silver nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Noguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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