{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:49:50Z","timestamp":1790884190789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2020-021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2020-021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are two major mechanisms leading to the imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation rate, and subsequently, bone loss. Thus, functional foods and dietary compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory could protect skeletal health. This review aims to examine the current evidence on the skeletal protective effects of propolis, a resin produced by bees, known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. A literature search was performed using Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies on the effects of propolis on bone health. The search string used was (i) propolis AND (ii) (bone OR osteoporosis OR osteoblasts OR osteoclasts OR osteocytes). Eighteen studies were included in the current review. The available experimental studies demonstrated that propolis could prevent bone loss due to periodontitis, dental implantitis, and diabetes in animals. Combined with synthetic and natural grafts, it could also promote fracture healing. Propolis protects bone health by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteoblastogenesis, partly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Despite the promising preclinical results, the skeletal protective effects of propolis are yet to be proven in human studies. This research gap should be bridged before nutraceuticals based on propolis with specific health claims can be developed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1621948461000},"page":"3156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Application of Propolis in Protecting Skeletal and Periodontal Health\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia Ogechi","family":"Ekeuku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok-Yong","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04151206","article-title":"Normal bone anatomy and physiology","volume":"3","author":"Clarke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra053077","article-title":"Bone quality\u2014The material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility","volume":"354","author":"Seeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"115","article-title":"Birth and death of bone cells: Basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Manolagas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2332","article-title":"Update on Bone Anabolics in Osteoporosis Treatment: Rationale, Current Status, and Perspectives","volume":"97","author":"Baron","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1021","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide is essential for estrogen-deficiency bone loss and osteoclast formation","volume":"146","author":"Lean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0024","article-title":"From Estrogen-Centric to Aging and Oxidative Stress: A Revised Perspective of the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis","volume":"31","author":"Manolagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2008.302","article-title":"Oxidative stress, free radicals and bone remodeling","volume":"46","author":"Banfi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-010-9393-9","article-title":"Association of oxidative stress with postmenopausal osteoporosis and the effects of hydrogen peroxide on osteoclast formation in human bone marrow cell cultures","volume":"87","author":"Baek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.10.014","article-title":"The antioxidant effect of estrogen and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in the inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Mann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-9961-0","article-title":"Glutathione, N-acetylcysteine and lipoic acid down-regulate starvation-induced apoptosis, RANKL\/OPG ratio and sclerostin in osteocytes: Involvement of JNK and ERK1\/2 signalling","volume":"96","author":"Fontani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.294959","article-title":"Pro-survival effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol on osteocytes are mediated by nitric oxide\/cGMP via differential actions of cGMP-dependent protein kinases I and II","volume":"287","author":"Marathe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7317","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412817200","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and estrogens inhibit osteocyte apoptosis via distinct molecular mechanisms downstream of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation","volume":"280","author":"Plotkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21508","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine stimulates osteoblastic differentiation of mouse calvarial cells","volume":"103","author":"Jun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12075","article-title":"Role of GSH\/GSSG redox couple in osteogenic activity and osteoclastogenic markers of human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells","volume":"280","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150907100838","article-title":"Vitamin C and Bone Health: Evidence from Cell, Animal and Human Studies","volume":"19","author":"Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, K.Y., and Ima-Nirwana, S. (2016). Olives and bone: A green osteoporosis prevention option. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080755"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, S., Mohamad, N.-V., Ibrahim, N., Chin, K.-Y., Shuid, A., and Ima-Nirwana, S. (2019). The Molecular Mechanism of Vitamin E as a Bone-Protecting Agent: A Review on Current Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061453"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S287280","article-title":"Effects of Caffeic Acid and Its Derivatives on Bone: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Ekeuku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5698931","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5698931","article-title":"Does the Interdependence between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Explain the Antioxidant Paradox?","volume":"2016","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2013-0241","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes","volume":"395","author":"Lugrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.dec.S147-S151","article-title":"Osteoporosis and inflammation","volume":"65","author":"Mundy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2006.07.004","article-title":"Inflammation-induced bone loss: Can it be prevented?","volume":"32","author":"Romas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.090019","article-title":"Radiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients attaining different disease activity states with methotrexate monotherapy and infliximab plus methotrexate: The impacts of remission and tumour necrosis factor blockade","volume":"68","author":"Smolen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2000102","article-title":"Propolis: Recent advances in chemistry and plant origin","volume":"31","author":"Bankova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(97)00145-2","article-title":"Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis)","volume":"36","author":"Burdock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00256-10","article-title":"Molecular scharacterisation of propolis-induced cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"10","author":"Savoldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"22","article-title":"Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Khalil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.06.007","article-title":"Effects of propolis and melatonin on oxidative stress, inflammation, and clinical status in patients with primary sepsis: Study protocol and review on previous studies","volume":"33","author":"Pahlavani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00400-9","article-title":"Protective effects of Turkish propolis on alcohol-induced serum lipid changes and liver injury in male rats","volume":"78","author":"Kolankaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.96","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Effect of Propolis through Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production on Carrageenin-Induced Mouse Paw Edema","volume":"29","author":"Nakajima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(96)01466-3","article-title":"Inhibition of neutrophils\u2019 chemiluminescence by ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) and its phenolic components","volume":"55","author":"Krol","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19950202","article-title":"Propolis: Chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity","volume":"26","author":"Marcucci","year":"1995","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1556\/ABiol.62.2011.4.5","article-title":"Preventive and Protective Effects of Turkish Propolis on H2O2-induced DNA Damage in Foreskin Fibroblast Cell Lines","volume":"62","author":"Aliyazicioglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6430","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201032y","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Uruguayan Propolis. In Vitro and Cellular Assays","volume":"59","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"264","article-title":"Protective effects of propolis on inorganic mercury induced oxidative stress in mice","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.10.023","article-title":"In vivo study of propolis supplementation effects on antioxidative status and red blood cells","volume":"110","author":"Jasprica","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.012","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester prevents ovary ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rabbits","volume":"47","author":"Kart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.11.006","article-title":"Low-Density Lipoproteins Oxidized After Intestinal Ischemia\/Reperfusion in Rats","volume":"157","author":"Tekin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2009.00821.x","article-title":"Propolis inhibits osteoclast maturation","volume":"25","author":"Pileggi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12401","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Thai propolis on human osteoclastogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Wimolsantirungsri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somsanith, N., Kim, Y.-K., Jang, Y.-S., Lee, Y.-H., Yi, H.-K., Jang, J.-H., Kim, K.-A., Bae, T.-S., and Lee, M.-H. (2018). Enhancing of Osseointegration with Propolis-Loaded TiO2 Nanotubes in Rat Mandible for Dental Implants. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11010061"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00697-3","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and in vitro bone formation effects of Garcinia mangostana L. and propolis extracts","volume":"29","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"377","article-title":"Glycemic control and anti-osteopathic effect of propolis in diabetic rats","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.06.006","article-title":"Propolis extract a new reinforcement material in improving bone healing: An in vivo study","volume":"56","author":"Oryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3470","article-title":"Effects of Propolis on Fracture Healing: An Experimental Study","volume":"25","author":"Guney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000946","article-title":"Propolis accelerates the consolidation phase in distraction osteogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Bereket","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, M., Arimatsu, K., Minagawa, T., Matsuda, Y., Sato, K., Takahashi, N., Nakajima, T., and Yamazaki, K. (2016). Brazilian propolis mitigates impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in experimental periodontitis in mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1305-8"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070462","article-title":"A Morphometric and Histopathologic Evaluation of the Effects of Propolis on Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis in Rats","volume":"79","author":"Toker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"42","article-title":"Expression of Osteoprotegrin and Osteoclast Level in Chronic Apical Periodontitis Induced with East Java Propolis Extract","volume":"13","author":"Yuanita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_106_20","article-title":"Propolis extract and bovine bone graft combination in the expression of VEGF and FGF2 on the preservation of post extraction socket","volume":"20","author":"Kresnoadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1701921","article-title":"The Potential of Natural Propolis Extract Combined with Bovine Bone Graft in Increasing Heat Shock Protein 70 and Osteocalcin on Socket Preservation","volume":"14","author":"Kresnoadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2020.3984","article-title":"Indonesian Propolis Reduces Malondialdehyde Level and Increase Osteoblast Cell Number in Wistar Rats with Orthodontic Tooth Movement","volume":"8","author":"Wiwekowati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2008.00667.x","article-title":"Effect of root surface treatment with propolis and fluoride in delayed tooth replantation in rats","volume":"24","author":"Gulinelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2319\/032612-253.1","article-title":"Systemic propolis stimulates new bone formation at the expanded suture","volume":"83","author":"Altan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0685","article-title":"Egyptian propolis compared to nanohydroxyapatite graft in the treatment of Class II furcation defects in dogs","volume":"89","author":"Zohery","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.3137","article-title":"Alveolar bone protective and hypoglycemic effects of systemic propolis treatment in experimental periodontitis and diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Aral","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-016-0339-7","article-title":"In Situ Sensor Advancements for Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russow, G., Jahn, D., Appelt, J., M\u00e4rdian, S., Tsitsilonis, S., and Keller, J. (2019). Anabolic Therapies in Osteoporosis and Bone Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010083"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and bone health: Epidemiology, etiology and implications for fracture risk stratification","volume":"4","author":"Linares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0886-7","article-title":"The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Lenzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"79","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of senile osteoporosis and hip fractures","volume":"100","author":"Duque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekegren, C., Edwards, E., de Steiger, R., and Gabbe, B. (2018). Incidence, Costs and Predictors of Non-Union, Delayed Union and Mal-Union Following Long Bone Fracture. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122845"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2004.03.007","article-title":"Bone loss and teeth","volume":"72","author":"Bodic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615486","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/615486","article-title":"Mechanisms of Bone Resorption in Periodontitis","volume":"2015","author":"Hienz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Periodontology, A.A.O. (2021, April 26). Glossary of Periodontal Terms. Available online: https:\/\/members.perio.org\/libraries\/glossary?ssopc=1."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2018.01.007","article-title":"Orthodontic tooth movement: The biology and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2319\/060411-367.1","article-title":"Evaluation of root resorption following rapid maxillary expansion using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Baysal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-009-0340-y","article-title":"Bone resorption and complications in alveolar distraction osteogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Ettl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2005.tb00052.x","article-title":"Simplified methods of implant treatment in the edentulous lower jaw: A 3-year follow-up report of a controlled prospective study of one-stage versus two-stage surgery and early loading","volume":"7","author":"Engquist","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2015.05.004","article-title":"Heat generation and drill wear during dental implant site preparation: Systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Modabber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/13813450701661198","article-title":"The central role of glutathione in the pathophysiology of human diseases","volume":"113","author":"Franco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.10.075","article-title":"Antioxidant propolis attenuates kainate-induced neurotoxicity via adenosine A1 receptor modulation in the rat","volume":"355","author":"Kwon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.10.050","article-title":"Bioactive properties of honey with propolis","volume":"196","author":"Sancho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.041","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of single and multiple-doses of pinocembrin injection administered intravenously in healthy subjects","volume":"168","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.2.493S","article-title":"Botanicals for age-related diseases: From field to practice","volume":"87","author":"Weaver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00189-0","article-title":"Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina","volume":"71","author":"Moreno","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(02)00187-9","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of propolis: Role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and galangin","volume":"73","author":"Russo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.10.86","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Constituents of Propolis Collected in Various Areas of Japan","volume":"10","author":"Hamasaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.18.2412","article-title":"RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development","volume":"13","author":"Dougall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/16852","article-title":"OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis","volume":"397","author":"Kong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.12.4828","article-title":"Total absence of colony-stimulating factor 1 in the macrophage-deficient osteopetrotic (op\/op) mouse","volume":"87","author":"Bartocci","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/345442a0","article-title":"The murine mutation osteopetrosis is in the coding region of the macrophage colony stimulating factor gene","volume":"345","author":"Yoshida","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32905","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505820200","article-title":"Contribution of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 to the transcriptional control of immunoreceptor osteoclast-associated receptor but not triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells-2 during osteoclastogenesis","volume":"280","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35209","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505815200","article-title":"Nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 induces osteoclast-associated receptor gene expression during tumor necrosis factor-related activation-induced cytokine-mediated osteoclastogenesis","volume":"280","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45969","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408795200","article-title":"Essential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in cathepsin K gene expression during osteoclastogenesis through association of NFATc1 and PU.1","volume":"279","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00369-6","article-title":"Induction and activation of the transcription factor NFATc1 (NFAT2) integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts","volume":"3","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimi, E., Takakura, N., Hiura, F., Nakamura, I., and Hirata-Tsuchiya, S. (2019). The Role of NF-\u03baB in Physiological Bone Development and Inflammatory Bone Diseases: Is NF-\u03baB Inhibition \u201cKilling Two Birds with One Stone\u201d?. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121636"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(91)90041-D","article-title":"The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bone resorption of cholesteatoma","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199102000-00011","article-title":"Characterization of cytokines present in middle ear effusions","volume":"101","author":"Yellon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12411","article-title":"Effect of propolis on preserving human periodontal ligament cells and regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12096","article-title":"Propolis decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in pulp cells and osteoclasts","volume":"30","author":"Neiva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v5.i4.136","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards osteoblasts","volume":"5","author":"Fakhry","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190412331279890","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawai, M., Bessho, K., Maruyama, H., Miyazaki, J.-I., and Yamamoto, T. (2006). Simultaneous gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-7 by in vivo electroporation induces rapid bone formation and BMP-4 expression. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-7-62"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.5","article-title":"A targeted approach for evaluating preclinical activity of botanical extracts for support of bone health","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Lazarenko, O.P., Wu, X., Tong, Y., Blackburn, M.L., Gomez-Acevedo, H., Shankar, K., Badger, T.M., Ronis, M.J.J., and Chen, J.-R. (2012). Differential effects of short term feeding of a soy protein isolate diet and estrogen treatment on bone in the pre-pubertal rat. PLOS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035736"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2015.07.003","article-title":"Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols: Factors contributing to their clinical application in CNS diseases","volume":"89","author":"Pandareesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1625-1","article-title":"The urinary phenolic acid profile varies between younger and older adults after a polyphenol-rich meal despite limited differences in in vitro colonic catabolism","volume":"58","author":"Alkhaldy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3896\/IBRA.1.53.1.10","article-title":"Investigating the in-vitro bioaccessibility of propolis and pollen using a simulated gastrointestinal digestion System","volume":"53","author":"Yesiltas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.057","article-title":"Brown propolis attenuates cerebral ischemia-induced oxidative damage via affecting antioxidant enzyme system in mice","volume":"85","author":"Bazmandegan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00412","article-title":"Therapeutic Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Different Honeybee Products","volume":"8","author":"Cornara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90135-Z","article-title":"Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic studies on propolis bee products","volume":"35","author":"Dobrowolski","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"165","article-title":"Propolis extract. I. Acute toxicity and determination of acute primary cutaneous irritation index","volume":"48","author":"Lejeune","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Belg."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"9","article-title":"Hyperglycemic effect of Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos and possible ameliorative role of Propolis and ginseng","volume":"1","author":"Hamza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientia Adv. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.06.007","article-title":"Laryngeal edema and anaphalactic shock after topical propolis use for acute pharyngitis","volume":"22","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.08.028","article-title":"Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"209","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis from propolis","volume":"16","author":"Walgrave","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:07:34Z","timestamp":1760162854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26113156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]}}}