{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:03:56Z","timestamp":1790633036594,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["College of Graduate Studies"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["College of Graduate Studies"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this review is to present an overview of roadside drug testing, driving enforcement, and drunk\/drug driving detection around the world. Drunk and drug driving is a severe problem, not only in the UAE, but also around the world. This has important implications for road safety as drunk or drug driving may increase the chances of a driver\u2019s involvement in a road crash when compared to a drug-free driver. Recently, due to increases in drug-impaired drivers\u2019 crash involvement, many mobile roadside drug testing devices have been introduced to the market. These devices use oral fluid, urine or blood matrices. These are on-the-spot tests, which are easy to use and are applied by law enforcement agencies and the public. Law enforcement agencies most commonly use oral fluid to detect the presence of illicit drugs in drivers. This review discusses all the available devices in the market used by the authorities. It also describes the type of drugs widely abused by drivers along with behavioral testing methods. The different types of matrices used for roadside drug testing are also evaluated. Sample collection, storage, and pre-treatment methods are discussed, followed by the confirmatory analysis of positive samples. This article will significantly help law enforcement agencies compare and evaluate all the reliable roadside testing devices and new emerging confirmatory devices available to them in the market. This will help them make an informed decision on which device to adapt to their individual needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T01:51:37Z","timestamp":1622425897000},"page":"3291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Roadside Drug Testing Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Manal A.","family":"Alhefeiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3739-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iltaf","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.12720\/jtle.2.1.7-12","article-title":"Road traffic accidents among drivers in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","volume":"2","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Traffic Logist. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711003010023","article-title":"Drugs of abuse, driving and traffic safety","volume":"3","author":"Penning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Asbridge, M., and Ogilvie, R. (2015). A Feasibility Study of Roadside Oral Fluid Drug Testing, Dalhousie University."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Isalberti, C., van der Linden, T., Legrand, S.-A., Verstraete, A., Bernhoft, I.M., Hels, T., Olesen, M., Houwing, S., Houtenbos, M., and Mathijssen, R. (2011). Prevalence of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Substances in Injured and Killed Drivers, DTU."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.01.034","article-title":"Roadside drug testing: Comparison of two legal approaches in Belgium","volume":"249","author":"Wille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.10.012","article-title":"Use of multiple data sources to identify specific drugs and other factors associated with drug and alcohol screening of fatally injured motor vehicle drivers","volume":"122","author":"Bunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.10.050","article-title":"International differences in patterns of cannabis use among youth: Prevalence, perceptions of harm, and driving under the influence in Canada, England & United States","volume":"90","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bryant, P., Stevens, M., and Hansen, G. (2009, January 10\u201313). Review of NSW roadside drug testing. Proceedings of the 2009 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.5.396","article-title":"Alternative specimens for workplace drug testing","volume":"25","author":"Caplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.02.019","article-title":"State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse","volume":"370","author":"Pragst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.115.050930","article-title":"The methamphetamine problem","volume":"39","author":"Galbraith","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell, K., Dryden, D.M., Liang, Y., Friesen, C., O\u2019Gorman, K., Durec, T., Wild, T.C., and Klassen, T.P. (2008). Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: A systematic review. BMC Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-48"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070802218661","article-title":"Medical consequences of drug abuse and co-occurring infections: Research at the national institute on drug abuse","volume":"29","author":"Khalsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462003000100004","article-title":"Ecstasy (MDMA): Effects and patterns of use reported by users in S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"917","article-title":"The pharmacology and toxicology of \u201cecstasy\u201d (MDMA) and related drugs","volume":"165","author":"Kalant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32832a2349","article-title":"Health consequences of illegal drug use","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957","article-title":"The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: A public health approach to an epidemic of addiction","volume":"36","author":"Kolodny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E339","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20180023","article-title":"The adverse health effects and harms related to marijuana use: An overview review","volume":"6","author":"Memedovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.194381","article-title":"Cannabis effects on driving skills","volume":"59","author":"Hartman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cusack, D.A. (2012). Medical Bureau of Road Safety an Lia-Bhi\u00far\u00f3 um Sh\u00e1bh\u00e1ilteacht ar Bh\u00f3ithre Report on Roadside Drug Testing and Equipment and Related Matters."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00110-4","article-title":"The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: Part ii: The relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability","volume":"32","author":"Longo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2165\/11539050-000000000-00000","article-title":"Effects of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and opioids on driving: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence","volume":"34","author":"Dassanayake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-017-0207-7","article-title":"Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs: An Updated review of major adverse outcomes reported on in epidemiologic research","volume":"17","author":"Brandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S1847","article-title":"Opiates and elderly: Use and side effects","volume":"3","author":"Chau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1272","article-title":"Next-day effects of ramelteon (8 mg), zopiclone (7.5 mg), and placebo on highway driving performance, memory functioning, psychomotor performance, and mood in healthy adult subjects","volume":"34","author":"Mets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"813","article-title":"Applying legal risk management to the clinical use of methadone","volume":"36","author":"Vogenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PT"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"8","article-title":"Methadone treatment of opiate addiction: A systematic review of comparative studies","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.08.040","article-title":"The effects of cocaine: A shifting target over the course of addiction","volume":"31","author":"Porrino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.12.004","article-title":"A qualitative and quantitative review of co-caine-induced craving: The phenomenon of priming","volume":"31","author":"Mahoney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.11.005","article-title":"Impairment related to blood amphetamine and\/or methamphetamine concentrations in suspected drugged drivers","volume":"38","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2016.01.004","article-title":"Effects of stimulant and opiate drugs on driver behavior during lane change in a driving simulator","volume":"4","author":"Tehran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.274662","article-title":"Impact of novel psychoactive substances on clinical and forensic toxicology and global public health","volume":"63","author":"Huestis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666161111112545","article-title":"Recent trends in analytical methods to determine new psychoactive substances in hair","volume":"15","author":"Kyriakou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Davey, J., and Sheldrake, M. (2017). Roadside Drug Testing Scoping Study, CARRS-Q."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181685088","article-title":"Analytical techniques for drug detection in oral fluid","volume":"30","author":"Lillsunde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.05.011","article-title":"Identification and quantifi-cation of psychoactive drugs in whole blood using dried blood spot (DBS) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"128","author":"Kyriakou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans-Nguyen, K., Stelmack, A.R., Clowser, P.C., Holtz, J.M., and Mulligan, C.C. (2020). Fieldable mass spectrometry for forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. Mass Spectrom. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21646"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2015.1075206","article-title":"Spectroscopic trends for the determination of illicit drugs in oral fluid","volume":"50","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.024","article-title":"Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair","volume":"218","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181679249","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation and field application of roadside oral fluid collectors and drug testing devices","volume":"30","author":"Crouch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Securetec Detektions-Systeme AG (2021, May 15). Saliva Drug Test DrugWipe\u00ae S. Available online: https:\/\/www.securetec.net\/en\/products\/saliva-drug-test-drugwipe\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.4.211","article-title":"An evaluation of on-site oral fluid drug screening devices DrugWipe(R) 5+ and Rapid STAT(R) using oral fluid for confirmation analysis","volume":"35","author":"Pehrsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-017-0373-x","article-title":"Non-foolproof nature of slope detection technology in the Dr\u00e4ger Alcotest 9510","volume":"36","author":"Labianca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky003","article-title":"Evaluation of Dr\u00e4ger DrugTest 5000 in a naturalistic setting","volume":"42","author":"Gjerde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Blencowe, T., Pehrsson, A., Lillsunde, P., Bernhoft, I.M., Engblom, C., Langel, K., Houwing, S., Smink, B., Mathijssen, R., and Pil, K. (2010). Analytical Evaluation of Oral Fluid Screening Devices and Preceding Selection Procedures, DTU."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx105","article-title":"Field detection of drugs of abuse in oral fluid using the AlereTM DDS\u00ae2 mobile test system with confirmation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS)","volume":"42","author":"Krotulski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt022","article-title":"Field testing of the Alere DDS2 mobile test system for drugs in oral fluid","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sniegoski, L.T., Welch, M.J., Fatah, A.A., Gackstetter, M., and Thompson, R.Q. (2009). Evaluation of Oral Fluid Testing Devices.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.7585"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3463-8","article-title":"Analytical evaluation of a rapid on-site oral fluid drug test","volume":"396","author":"Goessaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Verstraete, A.G. (2006). Rosita-2 Project Final Report, Ghent University."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freye, E. (2009). Analysis of saliva, hair and sweat for drug testing. Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2448-0"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, R.C., and Tse, H.Y. (2005). Drugs of Abuse: Body Fluid Testing, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-951-6"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Wilson, L. (2007). Immunological Analysis of Drugs of Abuse with Reference to Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester. [Ph.D. Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"901","article-title":"Defending substantial equivalence: An argument for the continuing validity of the 510(k) premarket notification process","volume":"63","author":"Flaherty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Drug Law J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/002029400904201003","article-title":"Forensic science: Roadside drug testing","volume":"42","author":"Carlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.12.003","article-title":"Performance characteristics of the Cozart\u00ae RapiScan Oral Fluid Drug Testing System for opiates in comparison to ELISA and GC\/MS following controlled codeine administration","volume":"141","author":"Kacinko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"EFA Global Trade GmbH (2020, September 08). SmartClip English. Available online: http:\/\/www.efa-global-trade.de\/SmartClipEnglish.htm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2001.5105","article-title":"Detection of analytes by immunoassay using up-converting phosphor technology","volume":"293","author":"Niedbala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Intelligent Fingerprinting (2021, May 15). Alandale Group Using Fingerprint-based Drug Test for Workplace Testing. Available online: https:\/\/www.intelligentfingerprinting.com\/alandale-fingerprint-drug-test\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"SureScreen Diagnostics (2021, May 15). Fingerprint Drug Testing. Available online: https:\/\/www.surescreen.com\/products\/drug-screening."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky068","article-title":"Drug screening using the sweat of a fingerprint: Lateral flow detection of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, opiates and am-phetamine","volume":"43","author":"Hudson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.012","article-title":"Evaluation of on-site oral fluid screening using Drugwipe-5+\u00ae, RapidSTAT\u00ae and Drug Test 5000\u00ae for the detection of drugs of abuse in drivers","volume":"198","author":"Wille","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234581","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1234581","article-title":"A study on the reliability of an on-site oral fluid drug test in a recreational context","volume":"2016","author":"Gentili","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Leamon, S. (2021, May 19). How the Draeger Drugtest 5000, Canada\u2019s New Roadside Testing Device, FALLS SHORT. Available online: https:\/\/cannabislifenetwork.com\/how-the-draeger-drugtest-5000-canadas-new-roadside-testing-device-falls-short\/."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"ACUMEN LAW Corp (2021, May 15). The Many Problems of Roadside Drug Screening. Available online: https:\/\/vancouvercriminallaw.com\/many-problems-roadside-drug-screening\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkr016","article-title":"Analytical evaluation of four on-site oral fluid drug testing devices","volume":"36","author":"Vanstechelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Kuijten, C. (2009). Evaluation of Oral Fluid Screening Devices by Tispol to Harmonise European Police Requirements (ESTHER), TISPOL. DRUID Report."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Oral, C., and Screening, F. (2021, May 15). iScreen OFD. Available online: https:\/\/www.globalpointofcare.abbott\/en\/product-details\/iscreen-ofd-test-au.html."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15123J","article-title":"Blind trials of an onsite saliva drug test for marijuana and opiates","volume":"46","author":"Jehanli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"MedicalDisposable.us (2021, May 15). SalivaScreen\u20145 Oral Fluids Drug Test. Available online: https:\/\/www.medicaldisposables.us\/5-panel-saliva-drug-test-p\/mds-5.htm."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the relevance of cocaine detection in a fingerprint","volume":"10","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.03.004","article-title":"Evaluation of three rapid oral fluid test devices on the screening of multiple drugs of abuse including ketamine","volume":"286","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"277","article-title":"Gas chromatography: A tool for drug analysis in biological samples","volume":"6","author":"Suhail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907893","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/907893","article-title":"Enzymatic digestion and selective quantification of underivatised delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cocaine in human hair using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"2012","author":"Breidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-014-0073-0","article-title":"Hair-based rapid analyses for multiple drugs in forensics and doping: Application of dynamic multiple reaction monitoring with LC-MS\/MS","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.15806\/j.issn.2311-8571.2016.0001","article-title":"DART-MS: A new research tool for herbal medicine analysis","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.14.31","article-title":"Recent advances in forensic drug analysis by DART-MS","volume":"6","author":"Lesiak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.05.009","article-title":"A comparison between DART-MS and DSA-MS in the forensic analysis of writing inks","volume":"289","author":"Drury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an00360d","article-title":"Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) of \u201cbath salt\u201d cathinone drug mixtures","volume":"138","author":"Lesiak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7629","article-title":"Rapid screening and determination of 11 new psychoactive sub-stances by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography\/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spec-trometry","volume":"30","author":"Nie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt083","article-title":"Screening and confirmation of 62 drugs of abuse and metabolites in urine by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"37","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks061","article-title":"Rapid screening for 67 drugs and metabolites in serum or plasma by accurate-mass LC-TOF-MS","volume":"36","author":"Marin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks084","article-title":"Validation of LC\u2013TOF-MS screening for drugs, metabolites, and collateral compounds in forensic toxicology specimens","volume":"37","author":"Guale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:08:54Z","timestamp":1760162934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26113291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]}}}