{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:31:51Z","timestamp":1792409511408,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Research Council (CNPq)","award":["Process No 310621\/2020-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Process No 310621\/2020-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral health problems may occur as a result of the ingestion of acid drinks. The objective of this in vitro study was to quantify and screen the concentration of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), barium (Ba), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and vanadium (V) released from bovine incisors during an erosive challenge at different times of exposure when immersed in Coca-Cola\u2122, orange juice, and grape juice. A total of 240 samples of bovine incisor teeth were used for the erosive challenge and allocated in groups. Digestion of drinks was performed using microwave-assisted digestion. The content in acidic drinks was monitored before and after the erosive challenge at exposure times of 1, 5, and 60 min using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The drinks\u2019 pH varied slightly during the erosive challenge but remained below the critical value of pH 5 to cause tooth demineralization. The concentrations of elements released from the bovine incisors during the in vitro erosive challenge depend on exposure times when immersed in acidic beverages. For some elements such as Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ba, Pb, As, and Cd, quantified in acidic drinks, grape juice had greater erosive potential than Coca-Cola\u2122 and orange juice. Quantification and monitoring of chemical elements in bovine teeth can be performed considering a longer erosive time and other types of acidic drinks. Further analysis using human teeth is still not available and must be conducted. The demineralization of teeth not only occurs in acidic beverages; physical and chemical factors play other roles and should be investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T15:58:44Z","timestamp":1622563124000},"page":"3337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Methodology to Quantify and Screen the Demineralization of Teeth by Immersing Them in Acidic Drinks (Orange Juice, Coca-Cola\u2122, and Grape Juice): Evaluation by ICP OES"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eliane S. P.","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Post-Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Post-Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Arakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Post-Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valter A.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Post-Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Foods and Drinks on Primary Tooth Enamel after Erosive Challenge with Hydrochloric Acid","volume":"29","author":"Scatena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"843","article-title":"Analysis of Dental Erosion Induced by Different Beverages and Validity of Equipment for Identifying Early Dental Erosion, in vitro Study","volume":"66","author":"Jameel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-2577.02118","article-title":"In vitro Effect of Energy Drinks on Human Enamel Surface","volume":"47","author":"Matumoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Odontol. UNESP"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000400010","article-title":"Effect of Beverages on Bovine Dental Enamel Subjected to Erosive Challenge with Hydrochloric Acid","volume":"23","author":"Amoras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002820","article-title":"Analysis of the Erosive Effect of Different Dietary Substances and Medications","volume":"107","author":"Lussi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2001.00795.x","article-title":"Investigation of Mineral Waters and Soft Drinks in Relation to Dental Erosion","volume":"28","author":"Parry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000047461","article-title":"Prevention by Means of Fluoride of Enamel Erosion as Caused by Soft Drinks and Orange Juice","volume":"35","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-003-0252-1","article-title":"Relationship between Dental Erosion, Soft Drink Consumption, and Gastroesophageal Reflux among Icelanders","volume":"8","author":"Jensdottir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2010-204","article-title":"Roughness and pH Changes of Enamel Surface Induced by Soft Drinks in vitro Applications of Stylus Profilometry, Focus Variation 3D Scanning Microscopy and Micro pH Sensor","volume":"30","author":"Fujii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.11211.x","article-title":"Comparison of Factors Potentially Related to the Occurrence of Dental Erosion in High- and Low-erosion Groups","volume":"110","author":"Johansson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.09.004","article-title":"Estimated Erosive Potential Depends on Exposure Time","volume":"40","author":"Jager","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000325917","article-title":"Screening and Prediction of Erosive Potential","volume":"45","author":"Barbour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0182","article-title":"Effect of Different Citrus Sweets on the Development of Enamel Erosion in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129462","article-title":"Influence of Various Acidic Beverages on Tooth Erosion. Evaluation by a New Method","volume":"10","author":"Zimmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-017-0296-6","article-title":"Are Grape Juices More Erosive Than Orange Juices?","volume":"18","author":"Beltrame","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, V., Rastogi, S., Bathi, K.K., Srinivasan, A., Roychoudhury, A., Nikolajeff, F., and Kumar, S. (2020). Mapping the Inorganic and Proteomic Differences among Different Types of Human Teeth: A Preliminary Compositional Insight. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111540"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66472-1","article-title":"Aging and Trace Elements in Human Coronal Tooth Dentine","volume":"10","author":"Legaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2004.04.008","article-title":"Environmental Influences on the Trace Element Content of Teeth-implications for Disease and Nutritional Status","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2005.04.002","article-title":"Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass (ICP-MS) and Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES): Versatile Analytical Techniques to Identify the Archived Elemental Information in Human Teeth","volume":"81","author":"Webb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8305-6","article-title":"Analysis of 35 Inorganic Elements in Teeth in Relation to Caries Formation","volume":"129","author":"Riyat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.01.014","article-title":"Comparison of Chemical Composition of Enamel and Dentine in Human, Bovine, Porcine and Ovine Teeth","volume":"60","author":"Teruel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(69)90258-1","article-title":"The Characterization of Enamel Surface Demineralization, Remineralization, and Associated Hardness Changes in Human and Bovine Material","volume":"14","author":"Feagin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"5","article-title":"In vitro Demineralization of Enamel by Orange Juice, Apple Juice, Pepsi Cola and Diet Pepsi Cola","volume":"12","author":"Grobler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000326819","article-title":"Methods for the Measurement and Characterization of Erosion in Enamel and Dentine","volume":"45","author":"Schlueter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200274050835","article-title":"Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"75","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pure App. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-06832014000100016","article-title":"Influence of Digestion Methods on the Recovery of Iron, Zinc, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium and Lead Contents in 11 Organic Residues","volume":"38","author":"Abbruzzini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eanc. Solo"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4811186","article-title":"Elemental Content of Enamel and Dentin after Bleaching of Teeth (a Comparative Study between Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)","volume":"113","author":"Imam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisson, L.F., and Walker, G.A. (2015). The Microbial Dynamics of Wine Fermentation. Adv. Fermented Foods Beverages, 435\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-015-6.00019-0"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500304","article-title":"Immediate Erosive Potential of Cola Drinks and Orange Juices","volume":"85","author":"Jensdottir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Solubility of tooth substance in relation to the composition of saliva","volume":"7","year":"1946","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345860650071101","article-title":"The vulnerability of unexposed human dental roots to demineralization","volume":"65","author":"Hoppenbrouwers","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1575(03)00065-6","article-title":"Organic Acid Profile of Turkish White Grapes and Grape Juices","volume":"16","author":"Soyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-6723.32918","article-title":"Determination of Organic Acids and Carbohydrates in \u2018Salustiana\u2019 Orange Fruit from Different Rootstocks","volume":"23","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2017.180","article-title":"Testing the Effect of Aggressive Beverage on the Damage of Enamel Structure","volume":"5","author":"Lutovac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"357","article-title":"Influence of Coca-Cola on Early Erosion and Surface Microhardness of Human Enamel: An in situ Study","volume":"51","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23392","article-title":"Ultrastructural Changes in the Cemento-enamel Junction Caused by Acidic Beverages: An in vitro Study","volume":"83","author":"Mitic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803776","article-title":"The Effect of Viscosity on ad libitum Food Intake","volume":"32","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0720-6","article-title":"Prevalence of Dental Erosion in Adolescent Competitive Swimmers Exposed to Gas-chlorinated Swimming Pool Water","volume":"17","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"761","article-title":"Analysis and Discussion of Trace Elements in Teeth of Different Animal Species","volume":"35","author":"Rizzutto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000201593","article-title":"Biomechanical Perspective on the Remineralization of Dentin","volume":"43","author":"Bertassoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4034\/PBOCI.2018.181.22","article-title":"Effect of Fruit Juices and Other Beverages on Loss of Tooth Structure","volume":"18","author":"Mathew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesq. Bras. Odontoped. Clin. Integr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"E449","article-title":"The R\u00f4le of Saliva in Maintaining Oral Health and as an Aid to Diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Puy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000500001","article-title":"Saliva and Dental Erosion","volume":"20","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720150289","article-title":"Preventive Effect of Toothpastes with MMP Inhibitors on Human Dentine Erosion and Abrasion in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Hannas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0104","article-title":"Effect of Different Salivary Exposure Times on the Rehardening of Acid-softened Enamel","volume":"30","author":"Alencar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"712a","article-title":"Limit of Detection: A Closer Look at the IUPAC Definition","volume":"55","author":"Long","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1465051","article-title":"The Hazardous Level of Heavy Metals in Different Medicinal Plants and Their Decoctions in Water: A Public Health Problem in Brazil","volume":"2020","author":"Tschinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:58Z","timestamp":1760162998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26113337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}}}