{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:38:45Z","timestamp":1790177925799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TUB\u0130TAK-BMBF","award":["114S916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114S916"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002836","name":"Chang Gung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104-6576A3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104-6576A3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPF1G0241~3, CMRPF1J0051~3, and BMRP450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPF1G0241~3, CMRPF1J0051~3, and BMRP450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003711","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2320-B-255-003-MY3 and MOST 108-2320-B-255-003-MY3, MOST 109-2327-B-255-001, and MOST 109-2327-B-182-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2320-B-255-003-MY3 and MOST 108-2320-B-255-003-MY3, MOST 109-2327-B-255-001, and MOST 109-2327-B-182-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In December 2020, the U.K. authorities reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) that a new COVID-19 variant, considered to be a variant under investigation from December 2020 (VUI-202012\/01), was identified through viral genomic sequencing. Although several other mutants were previously reported, VUI-202012\/01 proved to be about 70% more transmissible. Hence, the usefulness and effectiveness of the newly U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved COVID-19 vaccines against these new variants are doubtfully questioned. As a result of these unexpected mutants from COVID-19 and due to lack of time, much research interest is directed toward assessing secondary metabolites as potential candidates for developing lead pharmaceuticals. In this study, a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus was investigated, affording two butenolide derivatives, butyrolactones I (1) and III (2), a meroterpenoid, terretonin (3), and 4-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzaldehyde (4). Chemical structures were unambiguously determined based on mass spectrometry and extensive 1D\/2D NMR analyses experiments. Compounds (1\u20134) were assessed for their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and in silico COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) and elastase inhibitory activities. Among the tested compounds, only 1 revealed significant activities comparable to or even more potent than respective standard drugs, which makes butyrolactone I (1) a potential lead entity for developing a new remedy to treat and\/or control the currently devastating and deadly effects of COVID-19 pandemic and elastase-related inflammatory complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:38:39Z","timestamp":1622630319000},"page":"3354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory, Antiallergic, and COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitory Activities of Butenolides from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus terreus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Seyda","family":"Uras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2753-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif S.","family":"Ebada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara, Ismailia 41511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8988-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Korinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amgad","family":"Albohy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, Suez Desert Road, Cairo 11837, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basma S.","family":"Abdulrazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, Suez Desert Road, Cairo 11837, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hsuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim-Tong","family":"Horng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsong-Long","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belma","family":"Konuklugil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lokman Hekim University, \u00c7ankaya, Ankara 06510, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","article-title":"The epidemiology and 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