{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1790596886140,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study determined the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of lemongrass (LO), thyme (TO), and oregano (OO) essential oils and ethanolic extracts of pomegranate peel (PPE) and grape pomace (GPE) as candidate ingredients for edible coatings. Antifungal effects against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. were tested using paper disc and well diffusion methods. Radical scavenging activity (RSA) was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2\u2032-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified limonene (16.59%), \u03b1-citral (27.45%), \u03b2-citral (27.43%), thymol (33.31%), paracymene (43.26%), 1,8-cineole (17.53%), and trans-caryphellene (60.84%) as major compounds of the essential oils. From both paper disc and well diffusion methods, LO recorded the widest zone of inhibition against tested microbes (B. cinerea and Penicillium spp.). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of LO against B. cinerea and Penicillium spp., were 15 \u00b5L\/mL and 30 \u00b5L\/mL, respectively. The highest (69.95%) and lowest (1.64%) RSA at 1 mg\/mL were recorded for PPE and OO. Application of sodium alginate and chitosan-based coatings formulated with LO (15 or 30 \u00b5L\/mL) completely inhibited spore germination and reduced the decay severity of \u2018Wonderful\u2019 pomegranate. Lemongrass oil proved to be a potential antifungal agent for edible coatings developed to extend shelf life of \u2018Wonderful\u2019 pomegranate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:38:39Z","timestamp":1622630319000},"page":"3367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Comparative Study of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Plant Essential Oils and Extracts as Candidate Ingredients for Edible Coatings to Control Decay in \u2018Wonderful\u2019 Pomegranate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatenda","family":"Kawhena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"},{"name":"SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8056-7215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umezuruike","family":"Opara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"},{"name":"UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaniyi","family":"Fawole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"},{"name":"Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palou, L. (2018). Postharvest treatments with GRAS salts to control fresh fruit decay. Horticulturae, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae4040046"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.04.014","article-title":"Decay control in the postharvest system: Role of microbial and plant volatile organic compounds","volume":"122","author":"Mari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"111","article-title":"Sustainable postharvest handling of horticultural products","volume":"3","author":"Antunes","year":"2007","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1094\/PHP-2003-0121-01-RV","article-title":"Recent trends in microbiological safety of fruits and vegetables","volume":"4","author":"Buck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Health Prog."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"65","article-title":"Postharvest management of fruits and vegetables storage","volume":"15","author":"Lichtfouse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainable Agriculture Reviews"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opara, I.K., Fawole, O.A., Kelly, C., and Opara, U.L. (2021). Quantification of on-farm pomegranate fruit postharvest losses and waste, and implications on sustainability indicators: South African case study. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13095168"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opara, I.K., Fawole, O.A., and Opara, U.L. (2021). Postharvest losses of pomegranate fruit at the packhouse and implications for sustainability indicators. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13095187"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2016.08.016","article-title":"Major diseases of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), their causes and management\u2014A review","volume":"211","author":"Munhuweyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03705.x","article-title":"Fungi, quality and safety issues in fresh fruits and vegetables","volume":"104","author":"Moss","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microb."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2212\/spr.2014.1.1","article-title":"Control of fruit postharvest diseases: Old issues and innovative approaches","volume":"10","author":"Mari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stewart Postharvest Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-91-2-0209","article-title":"Postharvest decay management for stone fruit crops in California using the \u2018reduced-risk\u2019 fungicides fludioxonil and fenhexamid","volume":"91","author":"Driever","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2020.105451","article-title":"Postharvest applications of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil to control Phlyctema vagabunda on apple in South Africa","volume":"141","author":"Russouw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cr. Prot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.05.007","article-title":"Effect of pre and postharvest application of fungicides on postharvest decay of \u2018Bosc\u2019 pear caused by Alternaria\u2014Cladosporium complex in North Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"225","author":"Lutz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"65","article-title":"Effect of combined application of fungicides and hot water quarantine treatment on postharvest diseases and quality of mango fruit","volume":"43","author":"Rajwana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-017-9485-6","article-title":"Effect of exogenous fludioxonil postharvest treatment on physiological response, physico-chemical, textural, phytochemical and sensory characteristics of pomegranate fruit","volume":"11","author":"Atukuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.10.046","article-title":"Application of physical and chemical postharvest treatments to enhance storage and shelf life of pomegranate fruit-A review","volume":"197","author":"Opara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2005.09.008","article-title":"Sensitivity of Penicillium expansum to diphenylamine and thiabendazole and postharvest control of blue mold with fludioxonil in \u2018McIntosh\u2019 apples","volume":"39","author":"Errampalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2013.05.017","article-title":"Pomegranate biology and biotechnology: A\u2013Review","volume":"160","author":"Rana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2212\/spr.2015.4.3","article-title":"Alternative technologies to control postharvest diseases of pomegranate","volume":"11","author":"Teksur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stewart Postharvest Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01920.x","article-title":"Non-conventional methods for the control of postharvest pear diseases","volume":"94","author":"Mari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microb."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2014.05.012","article-title":"A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage","volume":"64","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cr. Prot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1986","article-title":"The use of essential oils for postharvest decay control. A\u2013Review","volume":"25","author":"Antunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.12.069","article-title":"Essential oils: From extraction to encapsulation","volume":"483","author":"Miladi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.03.025","article-title":"Chemical composition of essential oils in Zataria multiflora Boiss. from different parts of Iran and their radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity","volume":"48","author":"Tajik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.12.040","article-title":"Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems. A\u2013Review","volume":"54","author":"Calo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.006","article-title":"Plant extracts for the control of bacterial growth: Efficacy, stability and safety issues for food application","volume":"156","author":"Negi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microb."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.11.007","article-title":"A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food: Essential oils","volume":"43","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sendra, E. (2016). Essential oils in foods: From ancient times to the 21st century. Foods, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods5020043"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12782","article-title":"Application of lemongrass oil in vapour phase for the effective control of anthracnose of \u2018Sekaki\u2019 papaya","volume":"118","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microb."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1006\/pmpp.2000.0287","article-title":"Phenolic-storing cells: Keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants?","volume":"57","author":"Beckman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2124-5","article-title":"Efficacy of ginger oil and extract combined with gum arabic on anthracnose and quality of papaya fruit during cold storage","volume":"53","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2012.03197.x","article-title":"Functional components of grape pomace: Their composition, biological properties and potential applications","volume":"48","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03356318","article-title":"Potential applications of pomegranate peel extract for the control of citrus green mould","volume":"116","author":"Tayel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072019000404607","article-title":"Characterization of polyphenol profile of extracts obtained from grape pomace and synergistic effect of these extracts and fungicides against Botrytis Cinerea","volume":"64","author":"Mendoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.11.012","article-title":"Control of postharvest fungal rots on citrus fruit and sweet cherries using a pomegranate peel extract","volume":"114","author":"Nicosia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"75","article-title":"Effect of Ginger extracts and storage temperature on shelf life of \u2018Kent\u2019 mango fruits","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Postharvest Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambrano-Zaragoza, M.L., Gonz\u00e1lez-Reza, R., Mendoza-Mu\u00f1oz, N., Miranda-Linares, V., Bernal-Couoh, T.F., Mendoza-Elvira, S., and Quintanar-Guerrero, D. (2018). Nanosystems in edible coatings: A novel strategy for food preservation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030705"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Ficai, A., Oprea, O.C., Kaya, D.A., and Andronescu, E. (2020). Biodegradable antimicrobial food packaging: Trends and perspectives. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101438"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-010-0434-1","article-title":"Development of edible films and coatings with antimicrobial activity","volume":"4","author":"Campos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawhena, T.G., Tsige, A.A., Opara, U.L., and Fawole, O.A. (2020). Application of gum arabic and methyl cellulose coatings enriched with thyme oil to maintain quality and extend shelf life of \u2018Acco\u2019 pomegranate arils. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9121690"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2014.06.015","article-title":"The efficacy of combined application of edible coatings and thyme oil in inducing resistance components in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) against anthracnose during postharvest storage","volume":"64","author":"Bill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cr. Prot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2011.04.002","article-title":"Postharvest application of gum arabic and essential oils for controlling anthracnose and quality of banana and papaya during cold storage","volume":"62","author":"Maqbool","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12244","article-title":"Plum coatings of lemongrass oil-incorporating carnauba wax-based nanoemulsion","volume":"78","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.03.011","article-title":"Edible coatings incorporating pomegranate peel extract and biocontrol yeast to reduce Penicillium digitatum postharvest decay of oranges","volume":"74","author":"Kharchoufi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microb."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129149","article-title":"Shelf life extension of apricot fruit by application of nanochitosan emulsion coatings containing pomegranate peel extract","volume":"349","author":"Gull","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200219666180723144850","article-title":"Essential Oils: Extraction techniques, pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential\u2014A Review","volume":"19","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2014.09.002","article-title":"The effect of alginate-based edible coatings enriched with essential oils constituents on Arbutus unedo L. fresh fruit storage","volume":"100","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.01.022","article-title":"Green tea and grape seed extracts\u2013Potential applications in food safety and quality","volume":"44","author":"Perumalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.06.002","article-title":"Seed extracts of Gleditsia triacanthos: Functional properties evaluation and incorporation into galactomannan films","volume":"43","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts","volume":"86","author":"Hammer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microb."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200590919438","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from aromatic plants of Argentina","volume":"43","author":"Demo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2004.08.006","article-title":"Improvement in shelf-life and safety of perishable foods by plant essential oils and smoke antimicrobials","volume":"22","author":"Holley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Microb."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-016-1779-x","article-title":"Preservation of strawberries with an antifungal edible coating using peony extracts in chitosan","volume":"9","author":"Pagliarulo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(10)60129-0","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil against some selected pathogenic bacterias","volume":"3","author":"Naik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1143","article-title":"The mode of antibacterial action of essential oils","volume":"3","author":"Faleiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Microb. Path. Commun. Curr. Res. Technol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00012","article-title":"Essential oils in food preservation: Mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components","volume":"3","author":"Hyldgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microb."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2017.03.002","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of chitosan-essential oils against pomegranate fruit pathogens","volume":"129","author":"Munhuweyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"56","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris essential oil: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity","volume":"7","author":"Jianu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"5436","article-title":"Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. volatile oil obtained by two different methods","volume":"15","author":"Grigore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2017.1313178","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils from different parts of Ferulago trifida Boiss","volume":"29","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12011","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-lipase activity of Origanum vulgare and Lippia turbinata essential oils","volume":"48","author":"Quiroga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-265","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the bioactive components of essential oils from Pakistani spices against Salmonella and other multi-drug resistant bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Naveed","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"11","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing: A review on current practices","volume":"6","author":"Uddhav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2007.01.002","article-title":"Antifungal activity of lemongrass (Cympopogon citratus L.) essential oil against key postharvest pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Tzortzakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01927.x","article-title":"Antifungal activity of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products","volume":"94","author":"Guynot","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"229","article-title":"Antifungal activity of essential oils derived from some medicinal plants against grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)","volume":"2","author":"Siripornvisal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J. Food Agro Ind."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1046","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activities of five plant essential oils against Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold of orange","volume":"9","author":"Reang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Comparative antifungal activity of essential oils and constituents from three distinct genotype of Cymbopogon spp","volume":"80","author":"Saikia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-014-0790-z","article-title":"Application of plant essential oils in prevention of fungal growth on Para rubber wood","volume":"72","author":"Phongpaichit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.02.033","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-200","article-title":"Antibacterial, antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of pomegranate fruit peel methanolic extract","volume":"12","author":"Fawole","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2009.12.019","article-title":"Anti-oxidant effect of extracts of kinnow rind, pomegranate rind and seed powders in cooked goat meat patties","volume":"85","author":"Devatkal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.02.023","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels, juice and seeds","volume":"114","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.07.004","article-title":"Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: A review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects","volume":"143","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oil and its constituents from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"485","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of aqueous tea infusions prepared from oregano, thyme and wild thyme","volume":"44","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2012.01.004","article-title":"Chemical composition of essential oil by different extraction methods and fatty acid analysis of the leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni","volume":"9","author":"Siddique","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.03.009","article-title":"Use of antimicrobial nanoemulsions as edible coatings: Impact on safety and quality attributes of fresh-cut \u2018Fuji\u2019 apples","volume":"105","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.03.038","article-title":"Investigating the effects of crab shell chitosan on fungal mycelial growth and postharvest quality attributes of pomegranate whole fruit and arils","volume":"220","author":"Munhuweyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"323","article-title":"Fine structure of spore germination in actinomycetes","volume":"96","author":"Sharples","year":"1976","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"4243","article-title":"Current status of action mode and effect of chitosan against phytopathogens fungi","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-016-1738-8","article-title":"Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of sodium alginate\/gelatin-based silver nanoformulations","volume":"74","author":"Acharya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.01.017","article-title":"Apple puree-alginate edible coating as carrier of antimicrobial agents to prolong shelf-life of fresh-cut apples","volume":"45","author":"McHugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2013.09.004","article-title":"Lemongrass essential oil incorporated into alginate-based edible coating for shelf-life extension and quality retention of fresh-cut pineapple","volume":"88","author":"Azarakhsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-017-0121-9","article-title":"Citrus and lemongrass essential oils inhibit Botrytis cinerea on \u2018Golden Delicious\u2019, \u2018Pink Lady\u2019 and \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples","volume":"124","author":"Mbili","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pl. Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.6.1150","article-title":"Comparative study on essential oils incorporated into an alginate-based edible coating to assure the safety and quality of fresh-cut \u2018Fuji\u2019 apples","volume":"71","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.010","article-title":"Edible alginate-based coating as carrier of antimicrobials to improve shelf-life and safety of fresh-cut melon","volume":"121","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1132-y","article-title":"Effect of drying on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant, antibacterial and antityrosinase activities of pomegranate peel","volume":"16","author":"Mphahlele","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.07.048","article-title":"Characterization of extracts from winery by-products with antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea","volume":"43","author":"Mendoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2016.1144.60","article-title":"In vitro effects of crab shell chitosan against mycelial growth of Botrytis sp., Penicillium sp. and Pilidiella granati","volume":"1144","author":"Munhuweyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Act. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9276","article-title":"Response of pomegranate arils (cv. Wonderful) to low oxygen stress under active modified atmosphere condition","volume":"99","author":"Belay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2013.01.006","article-title":"Effect of modified atmosphere packaging and storage temperature on volatile composition and postharvest life of minimally-processed pomegranate arils (cvs. \u2018Acco\u2019 and \u2018Herskawitz\u2019)","volume":"79","author":"Caleb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00888","article-title":"Rosemary oil, clove oil, and a mix of thyme-orange essential oils inhibit Salmonella and Campylobacterin vitro","volume":"23","author":"Thanissery","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/bj.2018.1.11","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oil against rhizobium (Agrobacterium) vitis using agar well and disc diffusion method","volume":"8","author":"Er","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bacteriol. J."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"875","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its major terpenes of Satureja macrostema (Moc. and Sess\u00e9 ex Benth.) Briq","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2013.06.008","article-title":"Improvement of quality and shelf-life of strawberries with edible coatings enriched with chitosan","volume":"85","author":"Gol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.122","article-title":"Effect of chitosan and alginate based coatings enriched with pomegranate peel extract to extend the postharvest quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)","volume":"240","author":"Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps2013-044","article-title":"Variable inhibitory activities of essential oils of three Monarda species on the growth of Botrytis Cinerea","volume":"93","author":"Adebayo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.02.026","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and physical properties of chitosan-tapioca starch based edible films and coatings","volume":"42","author":"Flores","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1768898206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26113367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]}}}