{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:01:45Z","timestamp":1787900505418,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":278,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A2051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer\u2014both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials\u2014has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T21:03:32Z","timestamp":1622754212000},"page":"3389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3682-0812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishtiaq","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China"},{"name":"School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saif Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva","family":"Shahmohamadnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-13151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Anjum","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (SBBUVAS), Sakrand 67210, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Muzammal","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2090-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zain","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4855-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz M. N.","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849 Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2015.0005","article-title":"Allosteric modulators of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor: A structural update review","volume":"1","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.01.010","article-title":"One for the price of two\u2026 are bivalent ligands targeting cannabinoid receptor dimers capable of simultaneously binding to both receptors?","volume":"37","author":"Glass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. 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