{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1787394676065,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AKUL\/13\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKUL\/13\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0B8915N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0B8915N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AKUL\/09\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKUL\/09\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SIM Flanders","award":["Nanoforce"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nanoforce"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOF-KP\/14\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOF-KP\/14\/005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme","award":["IAP 7\/38 MicroMAST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAP 7\/38 MicroMAST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibers made from CNTs (CNT fibers) have the potential to form high-strength, lightweight materials with superior electrical conductivity. CNT fibers have attracted great attention in relation to various applications, in particular as conductive electrodes in energy applications, such as capacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and solar cells. Among these, wire-shaped supercapacitors demonstrate various advantages for use in lightweight and wearable electronics. However, making electrodes with uniform structures and desirable electrochemical performances still remains a challenge. In this study, dry-spun CNT fibers from CNT carpets were homogeneously loaded with MnO2 nanoflakes through the treatment of KMnO4. These functionalized fibers were systematically characterized in terms of their morphology, surface and mechanical properties, and electrochemical performance. The resulting MnO2\u2013CNT fiber electrode showed high specific capacitance (231.3 F\/g) in a Na2SO4 electrolyte, 23 times higher than the specific capacitance of the bare CNT fibers. The symmetric wire-shaped supercapacitor composed of CNT\u2013MnO2 fiber electrodes and a PVA\/H3PO4 electrolyte possesses an energy density of 86 nWh\/cm and good cycling performance. Combined with its light weight and high flexibility, this CNT-based wire-shaped supercapacitor shows promise for applications in flexible and wearable energy storage devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T13:25:43Z","timestamp":1623072343000},"page":"3479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Carbon Nanotube Fibers Decorated with MnO2 for Wire-Shaped Supercapacitor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Luman","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44\u2013bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44\u2013bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textile, College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1726-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Seveno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44\u2013bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Fransaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44\u2013bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4214-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Locquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4937-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Won","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44\u2013bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302498","article-title":"Flexible and Weaveable Capacitor Wire Based on a Carbon Nanocomposite Fiber","volume":"25","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2019.00138","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube Based Fiber Supercapacitor as Wearable Energy Storage","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.001","article-title":"Stretchable and self-healing polymers and devices for electronic skin","volume":"38","author":"Benight","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1249625","article-title":"Where Do Batteries End and Supercapacitors Begin?","volume":"343","author":"Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ee00004c","article-title":"Energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: Designing functional materials to improve performance","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147635","article-title":"High-Performance Carbon Nanotube Fiber","volume":"318","author":"Koziol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228061","article-title":"Strong, Light, Multifunctional Fibers of Carbon Nanotubes with Ultrahigh Conductivity","volume":"339","author":"Behabtu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.05.043","article-title":"Fabrication and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarns spun from ultra-long multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays","volume":"50","author":"Ghemes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222453","article-title":"Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications","volume":"339","author":"Tawfick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201204003","article-title":"Highly Stretchable, Integrated Supercapacitors Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films with Continuous Reticulate Architecture","volume":"25","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11054","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ta01878h","article-title":"Super-stretchy lithium-ion battery based on carbon nanotube fiber","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1340","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube Actuators","volume":"284","author":"Baughman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/16\/165501","article-title":"Nano-yarn carbon nanotube fiber based enzymatic glucose biosensor","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.06.053","article-title":"Biocompatible carbon nanotube fibers for implantable supercapacitors","volume":"122","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C., Robbins, E., Wu, B., and Cui, X. (2021). Recent Advances in In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12020208"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-011-1606-2","article-title":"Electrochemical capacitive properties of CNT fibers spun from vertically aligned CNT arrays","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.145157","article-title":"The synergistic effect of nitrogen and fluorine co-doping in graphene quantum dot catalysts for full water splitting and supercapacitor","volume":"507","author":"Sim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1021\/cm049649j","article-title":"Charge Storage Mechanism of MnO2Electrode Used in Aqueous Electrochemical Capacitor","volume":"16","author":"Toupin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nr00594k","article-title":"The role of nanomaterials in redox-based supercapacitors for next generation energy storage devices","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00002","article-title":"MnO2\/Carbon Composites for Supercapacitor: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201203445","article-title":"Twisting Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Both Wire-Shaped Micro-Supercapacitor and Micro-Battery","volume":"25","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304736","article-title":"Flexible Supercapacitor Made of Carbon Nanotube Yarn with Internal Pores","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(02)00642-3","article-title":"Electrodeposition of cobalt oxide films from carbonate solutions containing Co(II)\u2013tartrate complexes","volume":"520","author":"Casella","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6088","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01244","article-title":"Stretchable Wire-Shaped Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Pristine and MnO2 Coated Carbon Nanotube Fibers","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.11.039","article-title":"Dense and long carbon nanotube arrays decorated with Mn3O4 nanoparticles for electrodes of electrochemical supercapacitors","volume":"49","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2009.03.135","article-title":"A novel chemical synthesis of interlocked cubes of hausmannite Mn3O4 thin films for supercapacitor application","volume":"484","author":"Dubal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"181","article-title":"Acid-base surface free energies of solids and the definition of scales in the Good-van Oss-Chaudhury theory","volume":"14","author":"Siboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Apparent Microsc. Contact Angles"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13134","DOI":"10.1021\/jp804924f","article-title":"Microstructures and Spectroscopic Properties of Cryptomelane-type Manganese Dioxide Nanofibers","volume":"112","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.06.027","article-title":"Wettability of carbon nanotube fibers","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.157816","article-title":"Study on preparation and performance of flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor based on nitrogen-doped RGO\/CNT\/MnO2 composite fibers","volume":"859","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045708","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/4\/045708","article-title":"Carbon nanotube yarns with high tensile strength made by a twisting and shrinking method","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7464","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr32332j","article-title":"Carbon nanotube fibers for electrochemical applications: Effect of enhanced interfaces by an acid treatment","volume":"4","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2014.11.002","article-title":"Direct growth of carbon nanotubes on carbon fibers: Effect of the CVD parameters on the degradation of mechanical properties of carbon fibers","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200700139","article-title":"Nanoscale Microelectrochemical Cells on Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"3","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.09.006","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of manganese dioxide spontaneously coated on carbon nanotubes","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(03)00279-8","article-title":"Lattice Vibrations of Manganese Oxides: Part I. Periodic Structures","volume":"60","author":"Julien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.09.064","article-title":"Diamond\/carbon nanotube composites: Raman, FTIR and XPS spectroscopic studies","volume":"111","author":"Varga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.08.023","article-title":"Graphene-based materials: Fabrication and application for adsorption in analytical chemistry","volume":"1362","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100681d","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube\/Manganese Oxide Ultrathin Film Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.02.014","article-title":"Conversion of interlocked cube-like Mn3O4 into nanoflakes of layered birnessite MnO2 during supercapacitive studies","volume":"496","author":"Dubal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2012.11.018","article-title":"Effect of physical adhesion on mechanical behaviour of bamboo fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites","volume":"418","author":"Fuentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8686(87)80008-8","article-title":"Monopolar surfaces","volume":"28","author":"Chaudhury","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2297","article-title":"Materials for electrochemical capacitors","volume":"7","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ee00074d","article-title":"Best practice methods for determining an electrode material\u2019s performance for ultracapacitors","volume":"3","author":"Stoller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ee44164d","article-title":"Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage","volume":"7","author":"Augustyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.04.012","article-title":"Nanostructured MnO2: Hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical properties as a supercapacitor electrode material","volume":"159","author":"Subramanian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-7-33","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of MnO2\/CNT Nanocomposite with a CNT Core\/Porous MnO2 Sheath Hierarchy Architecture for Supercapacitors","volume":"7","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2012.02.011","article-title":"Facile synthesis and super capacitive behavior of SWNT\/MnO2 hybrid films","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014008","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2010\/T139\/014008","article-title":"Electrophoretic-deposited CNT\/MnO2composites for high-power electrochemical energy storage\/conversion applications","volume":"T139","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2007.07.014","article-title":"Characterization of a manganese dioxide\/carbon nanotube composite fabricated using an in situ coating method","volume":"45","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.11.024","article-title":"A universal strategy for metal oxide anchored and binder-free carbon matrix electrode: A supercapacitor case with superior rate performance and high mass loading","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta00981e","article-title":"High performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on MnO2 electrode in ionic liquid electrolyte","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr06734c","article-title":"Surfactant dependent self-organization of Co3O4 nanowires on Ni foam for high performance supercapacitors: From nanowire microspheres to nanowire paddy fields","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A80","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2404775","article-title":"Electrochemical Supercapacitor Studies of Nanostructured \u03b1-MnO2 Synthesized by Microemulsion Method and the Effect of Annealing","volume":"154","author":"Devaraj","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18847","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm33297c","article-title":"Novel approach toward a binder-free and current collector-free anode configuration: Highly flexible nanoporous carbon nanotube electrodes with strong mechanical strength harvesting improved lithium storage","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2014.07.008","article-title":"Phase evolution of an alpha MnO2 -based electrode for pseudo-capacitors probed by in operando Raman spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9008","DOI":"10.1021\/am402130j","article-title":"Intrinsically Stretchable Supercapacitors Composed of Polypyrrole Electrodes and Highly Stretchable Gel Electrolyte","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2008.11.009","article-title":"Study of microporous PVA\/PVC composite polymer membrane and it application to MnO2 capacitors","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4754","article-title":"Coaxial wet-spun yarn supercapacitors for high-energy density and safe wearable electronics","volume":"5","author":"Kou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA13712K","article-title":"A novel \u201cenergy fiber\u201d by coaxially integrating dye-sensitized solar cell and electrochemical capacitor","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CC37396C","article-title":"A high-performance flexible fibre-shaped electrochemical capacitor based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.04.010","article-title":"The weight and density of carbon nanotubes versus the number of walls and diameter","volume":"48","author":"Laurent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7381","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201502711","article-title":"High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications of NiO-Nanoparticle-Decorated Millimeter-Long Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays via an Effective Supercritical CO2-Assisted Method","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00088a006","article-title":"Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals and polar interactions in macroscopic systems","volume":"88","author":"Chaudhury","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7717","DOI":"10.1021\/jp970490q","article-title":"Li+Ion Insertion in TiO2(Anatase). 2. Voltammetry on Nanoporous Films","volume":"101","author":"Lindstroem","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6982","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9106385","article-title":"Pseudocapacitive Contributions to Charge Storage in Highly Ordered Mesoporous Group V Transition Metal Oxides with Iso-Oriented Layered Nanocrystalline Domains","volume":"132","author":"Brezesinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3479\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:11:50Z","timestamp":1760163110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26113479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113479","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]}}}