{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:16:57Z","timestamp":1792718217175,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/00906-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/00906-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304108\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304108\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of nanosized particles has emerged to facilitate selective applications in medicine. Drug-delivery systems represent novel opportunities to provide stricter, focused, and fine-tuned therapy, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of chemical agents at the molecular level while reducing their toxic effects. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytriptamine) is a small indoleamine secreted essentially by the pineal gland during darkness, but also produced by most cells in a non-circadian manner from which it is not released into the blood. Although the therapeutic promise of melatonin is indisputable, aspects regarding optimal dosage, biotransformation and metabolism, route and time of administration, and targeted therapy remain to be examined for proper treatment results. Recently, prolonged release of melatonin has shown greater efficacy and safety when combined with a nanostructured formulation. This review summarizes the role of melatonin incorporated into different nanocarriers (e.g., lipid-based vesicles, polymeric vesicles, non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles, charge carriers in graphene, electro spun nanofibers, silica-based carriers, metallic and non-metallic nanocomposites) as drug delivery system platforms or multilevel determinations in various in vivo and in vitro experimental conditions. Melatonin incorporated into nanosized materials exhibits superior effectiveness in multiple diseases and pathological processes than does free melatonin; thus, such information has functional significance for clinical intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1623331899000},"page":"3562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Melatonin-Loaded Nanocarriers: New Horizons for Therapeutic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Gustavo de Almeida","family":"Chuffa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo 18618-689, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7461-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Rodrigues Ferreira","family":"Seiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Center, Department of Biology, Luiz Meneghel Campus, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran\u00e1-UENP, Bandeirantes 86360-000, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3399-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Alonso","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, UFMT, Sinop 78607-059, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3915-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Augusto","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo 18618-689, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virna Margarita","family":"Mart\u00edn Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Cuyo, Sede San Juan 5400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Manucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda Experimental B\u00e1sica y Traslacional. \u00c1rea de Farmacolog\u00eda, Departamento de Patolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina y Biolog\u00eda Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (IMBECU-CONICET), Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos","family":"Zuccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, FAMERP, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6763-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russel J.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"There\u2019s Plenty of Room at the Bottom","volume":"23","author":"Feynman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Eng. 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