{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:37:38Z","timestamp":1789519058741,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]],"date-time":"2021-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST107-2314-B-016-027, MOST109-2314-B-016-005 and MOST107-2314-B-663-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2314-B-016-027, MOST109-2314-B-016-005 and MOST107-2314-B-663-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense","award":["MND-MAB-110-061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-110-061"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","award":["TSGH-A-110001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-110001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to the round window membrane (RWM) is an emerging treatment for inner ear diseases. RWM permeability is the key factor for efficient IGF-1 delivery. Ultrasound microbubbles (USMBs) can increase drug permeation through the RWM. In the present study, the enhancing effect of USMBs on the efficacy of IGF-1 application and the treatment effect of USMB-mediated IGF-1 delivery for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) were investigated. Forty-seven guinea pigs were assigned to three groups: the USM group, which received local application of recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1, 10 \u00b5g\/\u00b5L) following application of USMBs to the RWM; the RWS group, which received IGF-1 application alone; and the saline-treated group. The perilymphatic concentration of rhIGF-1 in the USM group was 1.95- and 1.67- fold of that in the RWS group, 2 and 24 h after treatment, respectively. After 5 h of 118 dB SPL noise exposure, the USM group had the lowest threshold shift in auditory brainstem response, least loss of cochlear outer hair cells, and least reduction in the number of synaptic ribbons on postexposure day 28 among the three groups. The combination of USMB and IGF-1 led to a better therapeutic response to NIHL. Two hours after treatment, the USM group had significantly higher levels of Akt1 and Mapk3 gene expression than the other two groups. The most intense immunostaining for phosphor-AKT and phospho-ERK1\/2 was detected in the cochlea in the USM group. These results suggested that USMB can be applied to enhance the efficacy of IGF-1 therapy in the treatment of inner ear diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1623709546000},"page":"3626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ultrasound Microbubbles Enhance the Efficacy of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Therapy for the Treatment of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Yung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5498-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-Chien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8201-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Yin","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Ho","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Liang","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 41168, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Lien","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 41168, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5515-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Ping","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5058-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2019.1564035","article-title":"Direct cellular reprogramming and inner ear regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Atkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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