{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:31:38Z","timestamp":1785403898270,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECR\/2018\/000552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR\/2018\/000552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present research investigated the chemical characterization and insecticidal activity of n-Hexane extracts of Epaltes divaricata (NH-EDx) along with their chief derivatives n-Hexadecanoic acid (n-HDa) and n-Octadecanoic acid (n-ODa) against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura. Chemical screening of NH-EDx through GC\u2013MS analysis delivered nine major derivatives, and the maximum peak area percentage was observed in n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.63%) followed by n-Octadecadienoic acid (6.73%). The larvicidal activity of NH-EDx (1000 ppm), n-HDa (5 ppm), and n-ODa (5 ppm) against the A. aegypti and S. litura larvae showed significant mortality rate in a dose-dependent way across all the instars. The larvicidal activity was profound in the A. aegypti as compared to the S. litura across all the larval instars. The sublethal dosages of NH-EDx (500 ppm), n-HDa (2.5 ppm), and n-ODa (2.5 ppm) also showed alterations in the larval\/pupal durations and adult longevity in both the insect pests. The enzyme activity revealed that the \u03b1- and \u03b2-carboxylesterase levels were decreased significantly in both the insect pests, whereas the levels of GST and CYP450 uplifted in a dose-dependent manner of NH-EDx, n-HDa, and n-ODa. Correspondingly, midgut tissues such as the epithelial layer (EL), gut lumen (GL), peritrophic matrix (Pm), and brush border membrane (BBM) were significantly altered in their morphology across both A. aegypti and S. litura against the NH-EDx and their bioactive metabolites. NH-EDx and their bioactive metabolites n-HDa and n-ODa showed significant larvicidal, growth retardant, enzyme inhibition, and midgut toxicity effects against two crucial agriculturally and medically challenging insect pest of ecological importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1623928826000},"page":"3695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Bioefficacy of Epaltes divaricata (L.) n-Hexane Extracts and Their Major Metabolites against the Lepidopteran Pests Spodoptera litura (fab.) and Dengue Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linn.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kesavan","family":"Amala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter\u2019s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengodan","family":"Karthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bio-Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200 704, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5259-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayanaswamy","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, St. Peter\u2019s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumaraswamy","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, St. Peter\u2019s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd El-Zaher M. A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Ahmed","family":"Al-Ghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0697-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jawaher","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Soliman","family":"Elshikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sengottayan","family":"Senthil-Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bio-Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3415-3315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhakaran","family":"Vasantha-Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter\u2019s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patcharin","family":"Krutmuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai, University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physiological and biochemical effect of Neem and other Meliaceae plants secondary metabolites against Lepidopteran insects","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. 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