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Folates enter the body from the diet and are also synthesized by intestinal bacteria with consequent adsorption from the colon. Three types of folate and antifolate cellular transporters have been found, differing in tissue localization, substrate affinity, type of transferring, and optimal pH for function. Laboratory criteria of folate deficiency are accepted by WHO. Severe folate deficiencies, manifesting in early life, are seen in hereditary folate malabsorption and cerebral folate deficiency. Acquired folate deficiency is quite common and is associated with poor diet and malabsorption, alcohol consumption, obesity, and kidney failure. Given the observational data that folates have a protective effect against neural tube defects, ischemic events, and cancer, food folic acid fortification was introduced in many countries. However, high physiological folate concentrations and folate overload may increase the risk of impaired brain development in embryogenesis and possess a growth advantage for precancerous altered cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"3731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":276,"title":["The Concept of Folic Acid in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yulia","family":"Shulpekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Nechaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5116-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Kardasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Sedova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kurbatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bueverova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Kopylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry \u201cScientific and Education Center\u201d, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Malsagova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry \u201cScientific and Education Center\u201d, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jabulani Clement","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ivashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.72.1.46","article-title":"Folate bioavailability and health","volume":"72","author":"Molloy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. 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