{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:01:10Z","timestamp":1787065270124,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation, South Africa","award":["106055-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106055-2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and affects approximately 6.3 million people worldwide. To date, the treatment of PD remains a challenge, as available treatment options are known to be associated with serious side effects; hence, the search for new treatment strategies is critical. Extracts from the Amaryllidaceae plant family as well as their alkaloids have been reported to have neuroprotective potentials. This study, therefore, investigated the biological activities of Crossyne flava and its isolated alkaloids in an in vitro MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) PD model using SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of the total extract as well as the four compounds isolated from Crossyne flava (i.e., pancratinine B (1), bufanidrine (2), buphanisine (3), and epibuphanisine (4)) were evaluated for cell viability, neuroprotection, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), adenosine triphosphate activity (ATP), and caspase 3\/7 activity in SH-SY5Y cells. The results obtained showed that pre-treatment with both the extract and the isolated compounds was effective in protecting the SH-SY5Y cells from MPP+-induced neurotoxicity and inhibited ROS generation, ATP depletion as well as apoptosis induction in the SH-SY5Y cells. The results of this study show that the Amaryllidaceae plant family may be a source of novel compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, which validates the reported traditional uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T02:16:34Z","timestamp":1625019394000},"page":"3990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Neuroprotective Activities of Crossyne flava Bulbs and Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sylvester I.","family":"Omoruyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abobaker S.","family":"Ibrakaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-7499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Okobi E.","family":"Ekpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Boatwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher N.","family":"Cupido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3877-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00247","article-title":"Microglia response during Parkinson\u2019s disease: Alpha-synuclein intervention","volume":"12","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a008870","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008870","article-title":"Clinical approach to Parkinson\u2019s disease: Features, diagnosis, and principles of management","volume":"2","author":"Massano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.03.001","article-title":"Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"117","author":"Kaidery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00552","article-title":"Prion-like mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0099-z","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Targets for potential treatments","volume":"6","author":"Maiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130230","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25150","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Evidence for environmental risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Kieburtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181493","article-title":"The search for environmental causes of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Moving forward","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T.K., and Yankee, E.L. (2021). A review on Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm., 8.","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-8659.2020.58"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Stoker, T.B., and Greenland, J.C. (2018). Pharmacological Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects, Codon Publications. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surguchov, A., Bernal, L., and Surguchev, A.A. (2021). Phytochemicals as Regulators of Genes Involved in Synucleinopathies. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050624"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2019.1618344","article-title":"Phytotherapy in treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"57","author":"Rabiei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00177","article-title":"The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety","volume":"4","author":"Ekor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200609000-00006","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review of Chinese literature","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1602423","article-title":"Motor Complications of Dopaminergic Medications in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"37","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00305-1","article-title":"Crinum species in traditional and modern medicine","volume":"78","author":"Fennell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Koekemoer, M., Steyn, H.M., and Bester, S.P. (2013). Guide to Plant Families of Southern Africa, South African National Biodiversity Institute."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1021\/np9008255","article-title":"Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids Belonging to Different Structural Subgroups Display Activity against Apoptosis-Resistant Cancer Cells","volume":"73","author":"Andolfi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16562","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA14666B","article-title":"Biological and pharmacological activities of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112305","article-title":"New role for crinamine as a potent, safe and selective inhibitor of human monoamine oxidase B: In vitro and in silico pharmacology and modeling","volume":"248","author":"Naidoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104650","article-title":"Isolation, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from South African Amaryllidaceae","volume":"146","author":"Sibanyoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.02.012","article-title":"Galanthamine from snowdrop\u2014the development of a modern drug against Alzheimer\u2019s disease from local Caucasian knowledge","volume":"92","author":"Heinrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00191-9","article-title":"Alkaloids from Boophane flava","volume":"40","author":"Viladomat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00375-H","article-title":"Further alkaloids from Brunsvigia josephinae","volume":"40","author":"Viladomat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"113","article-title":"Chemodiversity, chemotaxonomy and chemoecology of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids","volume":"Volume 83","author":"Berkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1021\/np800459d","article-title":"Pancratium canariense as an important source of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids","volume":"72","author":"Cedron","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.05.011","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of osthole on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells via inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.074","article-title":"Neuroprotective mechanisms of plant extracts against MPTP induced neurotoxicity: Future applications in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"85","author":"Abushouk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.014","article-title":"Mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease","volume":"62","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.012","article-title":"Mitochondrial control of cell bioenergetics in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"100","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19656","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.796920","article-title":"Inhibition of the sarco\/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase by thapsigargin analogs induces cell death via ER Ca2+ depletion and the unfolded protein response","volume":"292","author":"Sehgal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.36","article-title":"Caspase-dependent non-apoptotic processes in development","volume":"24","author":"Nakajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.297","article-title":"Caspases in apoptosis and beyond","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17907","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.29.17907","article-title":"A combinatorial approach defines specificities of members of the caspase family and granzyme B Functional relationships established for key mediators of apoptosis","volume":"272","author":"Thornberry","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2008.952044","article-title":"Assessment of apoptosis by immunohistochemistry to active caspase-3, active caspase-7, or cleaved PARP in monolayer cells and spheroid and subcutaneous xenografts of human carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Bressenot","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27115","article-title":"Past, present, and future of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy","volume":"32","author":"Obeso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx196","article-title":"200 Years of Parkinson\u2019s disease: What have we learnt from James Parkinson?","volume":"47","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30004-2","article-title":"Impulse control disorders and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An update","volume":"16","author":"Voon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25364","article-title":"Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: Current and evolving concepts","volume":"84","author":"Espay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.235220","article-title":"Current surgical treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1934578X1400900834","article-title":"Cytotoxicity studies of lycorine alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae","volume":"9","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.07.011","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of an isolated crinine alkaloid from Boophane disticha (Amaryllidaceae)","volume":"143","author":"Adewusi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.08.042","article-title":"Pharmacological and toxicological insights to the South African Amaryllidaceae","volume":"62","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0188-1","article-title":"Four new compounds from the bulbs of Lycoris aurea with neuroprotective effects against CoCl2 and H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cell injuries","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.06.028","article-title":"In vitro neuroprotective potential of Clivia miniata and Nerine humilis (Amaryllidaceae) in MPP+-induced neuronal toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells","volume":"136","author":"Omoruyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22719","article-title":"Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: Absolute configuration and biological activity","volume":"29","author":"Cimmino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2016.1198332","article-title":"Phytochemical and biological investigations of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: A review","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulcov\u00e1, D., Breiterov\u00e1, K., Siatka, T., Kl\u00edmov\u00e1, K., Davani, L., \u0160afratov\u00e1, M., Ho\u0161\u0165\u00e1lkov\u00e1, A., De Simone, A., Andrisano, V., and Cahl\u00edkov\u00e1, L. (2018). Amaryllidaceae alkaloids as potential glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 inhibitors. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040719"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.037","article-title":"Alkaloids from Boophane disticha with affinity to the serotonin transporter in rat brain","volume":"98","author":"Sandager","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-916251","article-title":"Inhibition of [3H] citalopram binding to the rat brain serotonin transporter by Amaryllidaceae alkaloids","volume":"72","author":"Elgorashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2009.02.173","article-title":"Alkaloids from Boophone disticha with affinity to the serotonin transporter","volume":"75","author":"Neergaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R12","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq160","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Crews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.630","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-818919","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitory effects of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids","volume":"70","author":"Elgorashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2015.24.2.103","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1021\/pr101211k","article-title":"Alterations in the mitochondrial proteome of neuroblastoma cells in response to complex 1 inhibition","volume":"10","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.08.007","article-title":"Overexpression of TFAM, NRF-1 and myr-AKT protects the MPP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in neuronal cells","volume":"1820","author":"Piao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.3241","article-title":"Nobiletin protects dopaminergic neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-treated rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1021\/pr901024z","article-title":"Region-specific protein abundance changes in the brain of MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.01.033","article-title":"The ability of three African herbal remedies to offer protection against an in vitro model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"126","author":"Lepule","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2017.13","article-title":"MPP+ induces necrostatin-1- and ferrostatin-1-sensitive necrotic death of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"3","author":"Ito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.44","article-title":"Caspases and their substrates","volume":"24","author":"Julien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(03)03000-9","article-title":"Interrupting apoptosis in neurodegenerative disease: Potential for effective therapy?","volume":"9","author":"Waldmeier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112617","article-title":"Open and rearranged norbornane derived polycyclic cage molecules as potential neuroprotective agents through attenuation of MPP+-and Calcium overload-induced excitotoxicity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"204","author":"Egunlusi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrakaw, A.S., Omoruyi, S.I., Ekpo, O.E., and Hussein, A.A. (2020). Neuroprotective activities of Boophone haemanthoides (Amaryllidaceae) extract and its chemical constituents. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225376"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/13\/3990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:23:37Z","timestamp":1760163817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/13\/3990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26133990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26133990","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}}}