{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:06:44Z","timestamp":1760234804981,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Emilia Guggenheim-Schnurr Foundation","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Redox-active drugs are the mainstay of parasite chemotherapy. To assess their repurposing potential for eumycetoma, we have tested a set of nitroheterocycles and peroxides in vitro against two isolates of Madurella mycetomatis, the main causative agent of eumycetoma in Sudan. All the tested compounds were inactive except for niclosamide, which had minimal inhibitory concentrations of around 1 \u00b5g\/mL. Further tests with niclosamide and niclosamide ethanolamine demonstrated in vitro activity not only against M. mycetomatis but also against Actinomadura spp., causative agents of actinomycetoma, with minimal inhibitory concentrations below 1 \u00b5g\/mL. The experimental compound MMV665807, a related salicylanilide without a nitro group, was as active as niclosamide, indicating that the antimycetomal action of niclosamide is independent of its redox chemistry (which is in agreement with the complete lack of activity in all other nitroheterocyclic drugs tested). Based on these results, we propose to further evaluate the salicylanilides, niclosamidein particular, as drug repurposing candidates for mycetoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26134005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"4005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Niclosamide Is Active In Vitro against Mycetoma Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2500-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhalim B.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman 14411, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shereen","family":"Abd Algaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"van de Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman 14411, Sudan"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1785-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3122-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"M\u00e4ser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13008","article-title":"Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma--an update on causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy","volume":"29","author":"Nenoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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