{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:55:50Z","timestamp":1791161750302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Province Science and Technology Specialized Fund","award":["200105115866431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200105115866431"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fabricating electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with high energy density for various applications has been of great interest in recent years. However, activated carbon (AC) electrodes are restricted to a lower operating voltage because they suffer from instability above a threshold potential window. Thus, they are limited in their energy storage. The deposition of inorganic compounds\u2019 atomic layer deposition (ALD) aiming to enhance cycling performance of supercapacitors and battery electrodes can be applied to the AC electrode materials. Here, we report on the investigation of zinc oxide (ZnO) coating strategy in terms of different pulse times of precursors, ALD cycles, and deposition temperatures to ensure high electrical conductivity and capacitance retention without blocking the micropores of the AC electrode. Crystalline ZnO phase with its optimal forming condition is obtained preferably using a longer precursor pulse time. Supercapacitors comprising AC electrodes coated with 20 cycles of ALD ZnO at 70 \u00b0C and operated in TEABF4\/acetonitrile organic electrolyte show a specific capacitance of 23.13 F g\u22121 at 5 mA cm\u22122 and enhanced capacitance retention at 3.2 V, which well exceeds the normal working voltage of a commercial EDLC product (2.7 V). This work delivers an additional feasible approach of using ZnO ALD modification of AC materials, enhancing and promoting stable EDLC cells under high working voltages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"4188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Supercapacitors via Atomic Layer Deposition of ZnO on the Activated Carbon Electrode Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chongrui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Jinping District, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Jinping District, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangshang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Jinping District, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Jinping District, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Jinping District, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayakar","family":"Gandla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Jinping District, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yair","family":"Ein-Eli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Grad Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Q.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Jinping District, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.04.005","article-title":"Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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