{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:40:45Z","timestamp":1790685645132,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-EQPX-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-EQPX-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-16-IDEX-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-IDEX-0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nature of halogen-bond interactions was scrutinized from the perspective of astatine, potentially the strongest halogen-bond donor atom. In addition to its remarkable electronic properties (e.g., its higher aromaticity compared to benzene), C6At6 can be involved as a halogen-bond donor and acceptor. Two-component relativistic calculations and quantum chemical topology analyses were performed on C6At6 and its complexes as well as on their iodinated analogues for comparative purposes. The relativistic spin\u2013orbit interaction was used as a tool to disclose the bonding patterns and the mechanisms that contribute to halogen-bond interactions. Despite the stronger polarizability of astatine, halogen bonds formed by C6At6 can be comparable or weaker than those of C6I6. This unexpected finding comes from the charge-shift bonding character of the C\u2013At bonds. Because charge-shift bonding is connected to the Pauli repulsion between the bonding \u03c3 electrons and the \u03c3 lone-pair of astatine, it weakens the astatine electrophilicity at its \u03c3-hole (reducing the charge transfer contribution to halogen bonding). These two antinomic characters, charge-shift bonding and halogen bonding, can result in weaker At-mediated interactions than their iodinated counterparts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T11:12:52Z","timestamp":1627470772000},"page":"4568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Astatine Facing Janus: Halogen Bonding vs. Charge-Shift Bonding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Serigne","family":"Sarr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssini\u00e8re, 44322 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Pilm\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie Th\u00e9orique, UMR CNRS 7616, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Montavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3\/EMN Nantes\/Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 4 Rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5307-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Le Questel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssini\u00e8re, 44322 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5618-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Galland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssini\u00e8re, 44322 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11178","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp00054k","article-title":"Halogen Bonding and Other \u03c3-Hole Interactions: A Perspective","volume":"15","author":"Politzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00560","article-title":"Computer Modeling of Halogen Bonds and Other \u03c3-Hole Interactions","volume":"116","author":"Hobza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00177e","article-title":"Halogen Bonding in Halocarbon\u2013Protein Complexes: A Structural Survey","volume":"40","author":"Parisini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2012.678829","article-title":"Halogen Bonding for Rational Drug Design and New Drug Discovery","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1021\/jm3012068","article-title":"Principles and Applications of Halogen Bonding in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology","volume":"56","author":"Wilcken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1021\/ar5001555","article-title":"Halogen Bonds in Crystal Engineering: Like Hydrogen Bonds yet Different","volume":"47","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PY00354G","article-title":"Halogen Bonding in Polymer Science: From Crystal Engineering to Functional Supramolecular Polymers and Materials","volume":"6","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14434","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201601844","article-title":"Halogen Bonding in Organic Synthesis and Organocatalysis","volume":"22","author":"Bulfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2015.09.005","article-title":"Halogen Bonding: A Powerful, Emerging Tool for Constructing High-Dimensional Metal-Containing Supramolecular Networks","volume":"308","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00484","article-title":"The Halogen Bond","volume":"116","author":"Cavallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1021\/jp066745u","article-title":"Insights into the Strength and Origin of Halogen Bonding: The Halobenzene-Formaldehyde Dimer","volume":"111","author":"Riley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10781","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0740954","article-title":"Ab Initio Investigation of the Complexes between Bromobenzene and Several Electron Donors: Some Insights into the Magnitude and Nature of Halogen Bonding Interactions","volume":"111","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-011-1015-6","article-title":"Halogen Bond Tunability I: The Effects of Aromatic Fluorine Substitution on the Strengths of Halogen-Bonding Interactions Involving Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine","volume":"17","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61837","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA14837A","article-title":"Halogen Bonding in Drug-like Molecules: A Computational and Systematic Study of the Substituent Effect","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7020","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.6b06295","article-title":"Magnitude and Directionality of Halogen Bond of Benzene with C6F5X, C6H5X, and CF3X (X = I, Br, Cl, and F)","volume":"120","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.0c00866","article-title":"Influence of Substituents in the Aromatic Ring on the Strength of Halogen Bonding in Iodobenzene Derivatives","volume":"20","author":"Chernysheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c00239","article-title":"Weak yet Decisive: Molecular Halogen Bond and Competing Weak Interactions of Iodobenzene and Quinuclidine","volume":"143","author":"Otte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-006-0130-2","article-title":"Halogen Bonding: The \u03c3-Hole","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10856","DOI":"10.1021\/jp806101t","article-title":"Competition of Hydrogen Bonds and Halogen Bonds in Complexes of Hypohalous Acids with Nitrogenated Bases","volume":"112","author":"Alkorta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201204312","article-title":"Theoretical Insights into the Nature of Halogen Bonding in Prereactive Complexes","volume":"19","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1580","article-title":"Enigmatic Astatine","volume":"5","author":"Wilbur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-018-0011-1","article-title":"Experimental and Computational Evidence of Halogen Bonds Involving Astatine","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201905389","article-title":"Towards a Stronger Halogen Bond Involving Astatine: Unexpected Adduct with Bu3PO Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonding","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29616","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP05690K","article-title":"Spin\u2013Orbit Coupling as a Probe to Decipher Halogen Bonding","volume":"20","author":"Graton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP05840H","article-title":"Delocalized Relativistic Effects, from the Viewpoint of Halogen Bonding","volume":"23","author":"Sarr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25751","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP05265G","article-title":"Relativistic Effects on the Aromaticity of the Halogenated Benzenes: C6X6, X = H, F, Cl, Br, I, At","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064305","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2165175","article-title":"Two-Component Relativistic Density-Functional Calculations of the Dimers of the Halogens from Bromine through Element 117 Using Effective Core Potential and All-Electron Methods","volume":"124","author":"Mitin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15816","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp42108a","article-title":"Structures and Stabilities of Group 17 Fluorides EF3 (E = I, At, and Element 117) with Spin-Orbit Coupling","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G.A., and Nakatsuji, H. (2016). Gaussian 16 Rev. A.03, Gaussian, Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.24326","article-title":"Scrutinizing \u201cInvisible\u201d Astatine: A Challenge for Modern Density Functionals","volume":"37","author":"Sergentu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10510","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ00484F","article-title":"Quantum Calculations of At-Mediated Halogen Bonds: On the Influence of Relativistic Effects","volume":"42","author":"Galland","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201901023","article-title":"On the Interplay between Charge-Shift Bonding and Halogen Bonding","volume":"21","author":"Sarr","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21759","article-title":"Effect of the Damping Function in Dispersion Corrected Density Functional Theory","volume":"32","author":"Grimme","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11099","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1622923","article-title":"Systematically Convergent Basis Sets with Relativistic Pseudopotentials. I. Correlation Consistent Basis Sets for the Post-d Group 13\u201315 Elements","volume":"119","author":"Peterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13877","DOI":"10.1021\/jp065887l","article-title":"On the Spectroscopic and Thermochemical Properties of ClO, BrO, IO, and Their Anions","volume":"110","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3495681","article-title":"Segmented contracted basis sets for one- and two-component Dirac\u2013Fock effective core potentials","volume":"133","author":"Weigend","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1039\/b508541a","article-title":"Balanced basis sets of split valence, triple zeta valence and quadruple zeta valence quality for H to Rn: Design and assessment of accuracy","volume":"7","author":"Weigend","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3484283","article-title":"Property-optimized Gaussian basis sets for molecular response calculations","volume":"133","author":"Rappoport","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/00268977000101561","article-title":"The calculation of small molecular interactions by the differences of separate total energies. Some procedures with reduced errors","volume":"19","author":"Boys","year":"1970","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"TURBOMOLE (2021, June 30). A Development of University of Karlsruhe and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, 1989\u20132007, TURBOMOLE GmbH, Since 2007. Available online: http:\/\/www.turbomole.com."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1021\/cr040109f","article-title":"Electrophilicity Index","volume":"106","author":"Chattaraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5397","DOI":"10.1063\/1.458517","article-title":"A simple measure of electron localization in atomic and molecular systems","volume":"92","author":"Becke","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"683","article-title":"Classification of chemical bonds based on topological analysis of electron localization functions","volume":"371","author":"Silvi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20545","article-title":"Gilbert N. Lewis and the chemical bond: The electron pair and the octet rule from 1916 to the present day","volume":"28","author":"Gillespie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-987X(19991115)20:14<1517::AID-JCC4>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Topological analysis of electron density in depleted homopolar chemical bonds","volume":"20","author":"Llusar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Bader, R.F.W. (1994). Atoms in Molecules: A Quantum Theory, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1021\/cr990112c","article-title":"Chemical Applications of X-ray Charge-Density Analysis","volume":"101","author":"Koritsanszky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matta, C.F., and Boyd, R.J. (2007). The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules: From Solid State to DNA and Drug Design, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527610709"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1063\/1.446956","article-title":"The characterization of atomic interactions","volume":"80","author":"Bader","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matta, C.F., and Boyd, R.J. (2007). An Introduction to the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules. The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527610709"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-002-0375-5","article-title":"Electron-pairing analysis from localization and delocalization indices in the framework of the atoms-in-molecules theory","volume":"108","author":"Fradera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Accounts"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4830","DOI":"10.1021\/ct500762n","article-title":"QTAIM Analysis in the Context of Quasirelativistic Quantum Calculations","volume":"10","author":"Renault","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1021\/ct300558k","article-title":"Introducing the ELF Topological Analysis in the Field of Quasirelativistic Quantum Calculations","volume":"8","author":"Renault","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21903","article-title":"New insights in quantum chemical topology studies using numerical grid-based analyses","volume":"32","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2015.1120361","article-title":"What can tell the quantum chemical topology on carbon\u2014Astatine bonds?","volume":"114","author":"Amaouch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauvin, R., Lepetit, C., Silvi, B., and Alikhani, E. (2016). Quantum Chemical Topology in the Field of Qua-sirelativistic Quantum Calculations. Applications of Topological Methods in Molecular Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29022-5"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.03.082","article-title":"211 At-labeled agents for alpha-immunotherapy: On the in vivo stability of astatine-agent bonds","volume":"116","author":"Ayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.24905","article-title":"The bonding picture in hypervalent XF3(X = Cl, Br, I, At) fluorides revisited with quantum chemical topology","volume":"38","author":"Amaouch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.26373","article-title":"Quantum chemical topology at the spin\u2013orbit configuration interaction level: Application to astatine compounds","volume":"41","author":"Pech","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(98)00413-X","article-title":"Analysis of the delocalization in the topological theory of chemical bond","volume":"450","author":"Noury","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1139\/v96-122","article-title":"Topological analysis of the electron localization function applied to delocalized bonds","volume":"74","author":"Savin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7861","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00046a035","article-title":"The charge-shift bonding concept. Electron-pair bonds with very large ionic-covalent resonance energies","volume":"114","author":"Shaik","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.327","article-title":"Charge-shift bonding and its manifestations in chemistry","volume":"1","author":"Shaik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6358","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200500265","article-title":"Charge-Shift Bonding\u2014A Class of Electron-Pair Bonds That Emerges from Valence Bond Theory and Is Supported by the Electron Localization Function Approach","volume":"11","author":"Shaik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SC01338A","article-title":"Revitalizing the concept of bond order through delocalization measures in real space","volume":"9","author":"Outeiral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Reedijk, J., and Poeppelmeier, K. (2013). Electron Density Analysis. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200802134","article-title":"Topology of Electron Charge Density for Chemical Bonds from Valence Bond Theory: A Probe of Bonding Types","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124513","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4944613","article-title":"Structural, dynamical, and transport properties of the hydrated halides: How do At\u2212 bulk properties compare with those of the other halides, from F\u2212 to I\u2212?","volume":"144","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.198406271","article-title":"Chemical Bonds without Bonding Electron Density ? Does the Difference Electron-Density Analysis Suffice for a Description of the Chemical Bond?","volume":"23","author":"Cremer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5806","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8111556","article-title":"Consistent van der Waals Radii for the Whole Main Group","volume":"113","author":"Mantina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200390574","article-title":"Interactions with Aromatic Rings in Chemical and Biological Recognition","volume":"42","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030070z","article-title":"About Supramolecular Assemblies of \u03c0-Conjugated Systems","volume":"105","author":"Hoeben","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.1039\/b704781a","article-title":"Non-covalent interactions in biomacromolecules","volume":"9","author":"Hobza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1021\/ct800229h","article-title":"Benzene Dimer: High-Level Wave Function and Density Functional Theory Calculations","volume":"4","author":"Urban","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11234","DOI":"10.1021\/ja001447a","article-title":"Observation of Borirene from Crossed Beam Reaction of Boron Atoms with Ethylene","volume":"122","author":"Balucani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2174\/1874471010801030144","article-title":"[211At]Astatine-Labeled Compound Stability: Issues with Released [211At]Astatide and Development of Labeling Reagents to Increase Stability","volume":"1","author":"Wilbur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2174\/1874471011104040283","article-title":"Applications of 211At and 223Ra in Targeted Alpha-Particle Radiotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3573","article-title":"Astatine","volume":"61","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7748","DOI":"10.1039\/c004189k","article-title":"Halogen bonding: An electrostatically-driven highly directional noncovalent interaction","volume":"12","author":"Politzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/15\/4568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:36:20Z","timestamp":1760164580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/15\/4568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26154568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26154568","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]}}}